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{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6493368\charrsid1074055 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6493368\charrsid1074055 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15866361 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\insrsid3869496\charrsid1074055 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f0 SKID ROW\par \par presents\par \par Sid Meier's\par \par RAILROAD TYCOON\par \par TYPED BY JEZ!\par -------------\par \par PAGE 3\par \par 1. INTRODUCTION\par \par Railroad Tycoon is a game about the fascinating world of railroads:\par steel tracks stretching to the horizon, promising adventure and romance;\par steam, diesel, and electric locomotives, some of the largest machines man\par has ever built; nations transformed by the speed and strength that \par locomotives could achieve, eclipsing the puny power of man himself and\par the animals he could domesticate; the sounds of steam whistles, diesel\par horns, and clanging bells; a world of risk - natural disasters, poor\par economic times, and rival railroads; and a world of opportunity -\par money, prestige, and fame.\par \par Railroad Tycoon puts you into this world as the president of a tiny\par railroad enterprise. Your railroad empire is only a dream, but you\par have a little money from investors and your own ability to start with.\par Your task is to carve your railroad empire out of this great world\par of opportunity.\par \par In Railroad Tycoon, you, the player, construct and operate a\par complete railroad, from tracks and signals to locomotives and\par livestock cars. If you successfully manage your resources and make\par them grow, you can expect a long professional life of railroading\par achievement. However, you are not alone in the world and other men\par possess the same dream as you.\par \par Your skills as a tycoon are tested by competing railroads run by\par men such as Commodore Vanderbilt, James Hill, and J.P. Morgan,\par determined to crush you or brush you from their path. Running your\par own railroad well is not going to be http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html enough if your competitors do\par better, or raise the money to take you over.\par \par You begin Railroad Tycoon by choosing one of four different\par world maps to play on: Northeastern America (1830), Western America\par \par PAGE 3\par\par \par PAGE 4\par \par (1866), England (1828), or Central Europe (1900). The date in\par parentheses indicates the historical year in which the game starts.\par Each region has its own geography, economic opportunities, and\par locomotive technology.\par \par These four worlds were chosen for their specific interest or\par railroad history. England was the scene of the beginnings of \par railroading. The Northeast United States witnessed the beginning \par of railroading in America, and fostered many of the world's most\par famous railroads. The Western USA was the site of some of\par railroading's greatest construction efforts, the building of\par transcontinental railroads. Europe remains very railroad oriented,\par and France is running some of the fastest trains in the world.\par \par Each new world map is empty of railroads but full of the\par opportunity to earn money hauling freight and passengers. You\par must parlay one million dollars of loans and stockholder\par investments into a functioning, revenue earning business. If you\par dawdle or make too many mistakes, expect to be forcibly retired by \par irate stockholders or see your company gobbled up by a competitor.\par \par You simultaneously wear the hats of construction superintendent,\par master of the road, dispatcher, chief financial officer, and chief\par executive officer. You decide where to lay tracks, what types of\par trains to put in service, when to schedule trains, where to change \par the types of cars in a train, when to upgrade equipment, where to add\par facilities, where to encourage industry, and how best to finance \par expansion and improvemen http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ts.\par \par At any moment in the game your attention can be directed to \par several places: to find the best route for expansion toward a new city,\par to examine the maintenance costs of your locomotives to see if any are\par getting too high, to scan Shipping Reports to see if one cargo or\par another is piling up enough to justify another train, to look for new\par industries springing up in areas where you can provide service.\par \par To succeed you must balance the investment of your limited funds\par between more construction projects, adding more trains, adding more\par facilities, and stock purchases. Profitable investment decisions\par increase your revenue and make possible further expansion\par \par PAGE 4\par\par \par PAGE 5\par \par and service improvements. But keep your eye on the stock market to\par see what your competitors are up to and don't let them ambush you.\par \par Competing railroads are operated by their presidents in the style\par of their historical personality. Expect a road run by Jay Gould to\par look for stock market profits and take every opportunity to raid your\par stock. Jim Hill can be expected to build an extensive and profitable \par system. Beware of his propensity to quickly grab access to profitable\par areas, blocking you out if possible.\par \par Competing railroads can be attacked operationally by building tracks\par into their stations and starting rate wars. The railroad that does \par the best job of providing service to the city is given a monopoly\par on local service by the city council. The loser must withdraw from\par the city, forfeiting his investment in track and stations. By this\par tactic you can reduce the earnings of competitors and continue your\par expansion.\par \par Alternatively, you may invest in the stock of competing railroads\par and possibly take them over. If you get control of another http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html railroad,\par you can direct its finances and expansion, using it to help your road\par or block competitors.\par \par Your ultimate goal as a Railroad Tycoon is to run the most profitable\par railroad that you can and retire to a prestigious position, perhaps\par even becoming President of the United States. If your railroad is\par sufficiently profitable at your retirement you may be enshrined in\par the railroader's Hall of Fame.\par \par If you aren't able to make the grade as a railroad president, you \par may be able to find work as a snake oil salesman or circus impresario. \par \par PAGE 5\par\par \par PAGE 6\par \par 1. INTRODUCTION\par Introduction.............................3\par Table of Contents........................6\par What is a Railroad?......................9\par Before You Start........................12\par Interface Introduction..................13\par Opening Menus....................13\par Menu Types.......................13\par Menu Choices.....................14\par Shortcut Keys....................14\par Map Scrolling....................15\par Pre-Game Options........................16\par Game/World Options...............16\par Difficulty Levels................16\par Reality Levels...................17\par The Difficulty Factor............18\par RR President's Aptitude Test.....19\par Reading and Using the Displays..........20\par The Regional Display.............20\par The Menu Bar.....................21\par The Game Menu....................21\par The Display Menu.................23\par The Reports Menu.................24\par The Build Menu...................25\par The Action http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html Menu..................26\par The World View Window............27\par Current Cash.....................28\par Date.............................28\par The Train Roster.................28\par The Area Display.................29\par The Local Display................30\par The Detail Display...............31\par Ending the Game and Winning.............32\par Ending The Game..................32\par Tycoon Rankings..................32\par Railroader's Hall of Fame........32\par \par 2. SAMPLE RAILROAD TUTORIAL\par Tutorial................................35\par \par 3. RAILROAD ENGINEERING\par Laying Track............................49\par How To Lay Track.................50\par Surveys And Grades...............51\par River Bridges....................52\par Ferryboats.......................52\par Tunnels..........................53\par Double Track.....................53\par Track and Bridge Demolition......54\par Railroad Stations.......................56\par Description......................56\par How To Build A Station...........58\par Shipping Reports.................58\par Station Reports..................60\par Station Improvements.............61\par Trains..................................63\par Building Trains..................64\par Train Roster.....................65\par Train Reports....................66\par Naming Trains....................68\par Train Classes....................69\par Train Types......................70\par Changing Locomotives.............71\par http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html Retiring Trains..................71\par Routing Trains...................72\par Train Consist....................75\par \par PAGE 6\par\par \par PAGE 7\par \par Changing Destinations............76\par Priority Orders..................77\par Priority Consist.................78\par Wait Until Full Orders...........78\par Train Wrecks.....................80\par Revenue And Cargos......................81\par Earning Revenue..................81\par How Revenues Vary................82\par Cargo Types......................82\par Resource Map.....................83\par Cargo Conversions................84\par Priority Shipments...............85\par Building Industry................86\par Operating Trains........................88\par How Signals Work.................89\par Signal Towers....................90\par Overriding a Block Signal........91\par Pausing Trains...................92\par No Collisions Mode...............93\par \par 4. THE RAILROAD BUSINESS\par Railroad Capitalization.................95\par Initial Capital..................95\par Additional Stock.................95\par Stockholder Happiness............96\par Bonds............................96\par Calling Your Broker..............97\par Short Term Loans.................98\par Declaring Bankruptcy.............98\par Financial Reports.......................99\par Balance Sheet....................99\par Income Statements...............101\par Train Income Report.............101\par Stock Price Graph...............1 http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html 02\par Economic Climate................103\par Additional Reports.....................104\par Accomplishments.................104\par Efficiency Report...............104\par History.........................105\par \par 5. RAILROAD COMPETITION\par \par Competing Railroads....................107\par Rate Wars..............................109\par Stock Market Takeovers.................111\par Controlling Other Railroads............112\par \par 6. THE RAILROAD STORY\par \par The Origins of Railroading.............115\par The Role of Railroads..................118\par Introduction....................118\par Changes Over Time...............118\par Railroads Today.................119\par Railroad Finances......................121\par Railroad Stock..................121\par Railroad Bonds..................122\par Land Grants.....................122\par Stock Market Shenanigans........123\par Constructing Railroads.................126\par Where To Build..................126\par Truck Construction..............127\par Bridges.........................130\par Tunnels.........................131\par Operating A Railroad...................133\par Passenger Service...............135\par Freight Service.................135\par Making Up Trains................137\par Moving Trains...................138\par \par PAGE 7\par\par \par PAGE 8\par \par Steam Locomotives......................143\par Introduction....................143\par Making Steam....................144\par Steam Power.....................146\par Development and Decline.. http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html .......146\par \par 7. NOTES AND CREDITS\par \par Railroad Tycoon Worlds.................149\par Map Generation..................149\par Specific Map Features...........149\par Game Scale......................150\par Game Time.......................150\par Locomotive Roster......................151\par North American Locomotives......151\par European Locomotives............156\par Tycoon Biographies.....................165\par North American Tycoons..........165\par European Tycoons................168\par Designer's Notes.......................171\par Player's Notes.........................174\par Further Reading........................177\par \par PAGE 8\par\par \par PAGE 9\par \par WHAT IS A RAILROAD\par \par Consider a railroad operating between Baltimore and Philadelphia. \par The railroad has laid a single track between these cities, setting \par up stations at each city where cargo can be put on trains and taken \par off. The railroad also purchases a locomotive and some freight cars. \par It advertises service between these cities leaving Baltimore at certain \par hours and arriving in Philadelphia roughly an hour after leaving \par Baltimore. Return trips are also scheduled from Philadelphia and take \par about an hour to reach Baltimore. \par \par Businesses in either city have the ability to use the railroad to \par ship goods back and forth. Whether the railroad is used for shipment \par or not depends on the relative cost, safety, and timeliness of railroad \par shipment versus alternative shippers (trucks, ships, airplanes, etc). \par This Baltimore & Philadelphia Railroad (the B&P) can only draw \par business by providing the required service at attractive prices, and \par thereby staying competitive with other transpo http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html rt modes. \par \par Once the B&P has started carrying cargos, it must balance its \par expenses and revenues to remain in business. The start-up costs of \par the railroad are the land it had to purchase to place its tracks, \par the cost of track construction plus any bridges or tunnels required \par along the way, station facilities, maintenance facilities, its \par locomotive and freight cars. All of these items plus operating \par personnel must be in place before the first train can run. \par \par After operations begin, the railroad has to provide fuel for the \par locomotive, maintenance expenses for equipment, and salaries for the \par work force. The revenue earned by the railroad must be sufficient to \par cover the expense of construction, operation, and provision for the \par future. \par \par For the B&P, the future may mean upgrading stations, buying additional \par locomotives and cars to carry more freight, double tracking the line so \par trains can simultaneously run in both directions, building signal \par systems so that multiple trains can run on the same track without \par colliding, freight yards, new car types for special cargos, etc. \par Railroads must constantly evolve because technology and service demands \par are changing and they must adapt to remain competitive. \par \par PAGE 9\par\par \par PAGE 10\par \par All railroads, regardless of their size, are composed of three \par elements linked together for one function. Track, locomotives, and \par cars are combined to move people and things from one place to \par another. \par \par The strengths and efficiencies of a railroad come from the elements \par that make it up and how they work together. Tracks make it possible \par for enormous loads to be supported, guided, and moved at one time. The \par cars are designed to carry specific cargos, for ease of loading and \par unloading, http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html and for safe movement in combination. The locomotives make \par the railroads go. Supported and guided by the tracks, they can pull \par long trains of loaded cars at relatively low cost.\par \par A railroad train is made up of a locomotive, or source of motive \par power, and the cargo car's lined up behind it to be pulled. Types \par of engines and cars that make up the train are called the consist. \par For example, a train consist might be a single 1500 horsepower (hp) \par locomotive and 20 coal hopper cars. \par \par In a typical railroad operation, a crew of three or more men \par (engineer, conductor, brakeman, etc.) are assigned a locomotive and \par a train to pull. The crew takes the locomotive from the engine house \par out to the departure yard and connects up to the waiting train \par previously assembled by the yard crew. The conductor checks the \par train against its manifest to be sure everything is in order and okays \par movement. Following train orders from the dispatcher, the crew \par begins its trip, pulling the train from the yard out onto the track of\par the mainline.\par \par On the mainline the engineer takes over, controlling the speed of \par the train according to speed limits posted along the right-of-way, \par watching the signals that additionally govern movement and speed in \par each block, watching the track ahead for obstacles, making proper \par horn signals at crossings, and monitoring the performance of the \par locomotive. The brakeman's duties on the road are mainly to watch \par the train itself, looking out for smoking wheel bearings or other \par conditions that might result in an accident. \par \par PAGE 10\par\par \par PAGE 11\par \par At the end of its run, the train pulls into the receiving yard of \par another terminal and the crew uncouples the locomotive from the \par cars. They head to the engine house for mai http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ntenance and refueling of \par the locomotive, while the train is turned over to yard crews who break \par up the train and place the cars into other trains that take them on to \par their destinations.\par \par Railroads earn their money by being paid to move things. In the \par case of freight goods, the railroad and shipper make arrangements for \par the cargo to be loaded into a freight car. The railroad then arranges \par for the car to be picked up and added to a passing train. This train \par pulls the car towards its destination, perhaps directly there, \par perhaps only to a rendezvous with another train which carries it on \par farther. Ultimately the railroad brings the car to its destination \par where the receiver of the cargo arranges to get the goods out of the \par carrying car.\par \par The railroad is paid a fee for the delivery. This fee is normally \par prearranged and paid upon delivery within a reasonable period. \par Because a late or damaged delivery may reduce the fee or drive \par business to alternative transportation modes, railroads must be op- \par erated safely and according to schedules which assure timely service. \par \par Railroads today generate most of their revenue and profits from \par hauling large, heavy trains over long distances. In this role they \par continue to be the most efficient carrier. The purpose of most \par railroad operations is to get freight into and out of these long \par trains quickly and safely.\par \par Railroads came into existence because their technology offered \par transportation at speeds and costs previously unimagined. They \par continue to prosper today, despite competition from other transpor- \par tation modes, because in certain situations they are clearly more \par efficient than any alternative. \par \par PAGE 11\par\par \par PAGE 12\par \par BEFORE YOU START\par \par Sorting the Mate http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html rials\par \par This Manual provides detailed instructions on how to play and \par information on the background of railroad construction, operation, \par and finances. The manual text is printed in two main type faces, \par normal and italic. Text in normal type usually discusses specific \par instructions. Text in italic type is usually a commentary on the \par information discussed in normal type. When you are looking for \par specific information in a manual section, look first in the normal \par type parts. The manual applies to all computer systems. \par \par Installation\par \par The Technical Supplement gives specific instructions for loading \par and/or installing the game on your computer. It also provides \par complete reference of all the graphics and keys used in the game. \par \par Learning the Game\par \par The Player Aid Cards offer a handy reference for the economic \par relationships of the various industries and geographic features on \par the individual region maps. \par \par The Technical Supplement has complete information about how \par to install Railroad Tycoon on either floppy or hard disks. \par \par Study Method: You can study the actual controls and instruc- \par tions in this manual (pages 3-113). Begin by reading through the \par Interface Introduction (pages 13-15), Pre-Game Options (pages 16-19), \par Reading And Using The Displays (pages 20-31), and the Tutorial \par Railroad (pages 35-47). Now begin play and refer back to the instruc- \par tions as needed.\par \par Jump Right In Method: This is the most popular with experienced \par computer game players. We recommend you at least read through the \par Interface Introduction, Pre-Game Options, and Reading And Using The \par Displays, but even this is not necessary. Refer to the manual's \par instructions for help with problems that arise. \par \par PAGE 12\par\par \p http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ar PAGE 13\par \par INTERFACE INTRODUCTION\par The interface of Railroad Tycoon was primarily designed to take \par advantage of the mouse. It may be played with either a keyboard \par interface or a combination keyboard/mouse interface, but play is \par faster if you have a mouse available.\par \par Throughout this manual there are references to certain keys, the \par Selector, Selector 1, and Selector 2. Because the manual is written \par for all machine formats you need to refer to the Technical Supplement \par to learn what these keys or buttons are. \par \par The interface relies heavily on menus. At every point where you \par can perform game functions there is a menu bar available from which \par menus can be accessed. \par \par Opening Menus\par \par Throughout the manual you are instructed to pull down menus \par to open them up and reveal the options they contain. To open a menu \par using the mouse, place the mouse pointer on the name of the menu \par in the menu bar and press Selector 1.\par \par You can also pull down a menu by pressing the keyboard letter \par key for the first letter in the name of the menu. For example, the \par Game menu is opened by pressing the G key.\par \par When a menu is opened, the choices it contains appear listed in \par a menu window. \par \par Menu Types\par \par In Railroad Tycoon there are generally two types of menus. The \par most common is simply a list of choices from which you choose the\par one desired. Making your selection usually closes the menu and imple- \par ments your choice at the same time. \par \par In the second type of menu, the options are either toggled on or \par off. Options that are on are noted by a check mark. Options that are \par off have no check mark. To exit these menus press Selector 1 outside \par and below the menu or press Selector 2. \par \par PAGE 13\pa http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html r\par \par PAGE 14\par \par Menu Choices\par \par To make your choice of the options available using the mouse, \par place the mouse pointer on your selection and press Selector 1. \par \par Alternatively, you can open a menu by placing the mouse pointer \par on the menu name, pressing and holding down Selector 1, and \par dragging the mouse pointer down from the menu name. As you drag \par the pointer down the length of the opened menu, its options are \par highlighted one by one. To select an option, drag the pointer down \par until the option of your choice is highlighted, and then release \par Selector 1.\par \par If you don't have a mouse, you can make selections from a menu \par by using the direction keys to move a highlight bar up and down the \par menu until the choice you want is highlighted. Then press the Selector \par 1 key to make your choice. Note that in most menus the highlight \par bar does not appear until you press a direction key, usually the one \par that moves downward. \par \par When you are using the mouse, if you have opened a menu and \par wish to make no choice, you can accomplish this by either moving the \par mouse pointer below the menu and pressing Selector 1, or just by \par pressing Selector 2. \par \par Shortcut Keys\par \par Even when using the mouse, there are places when one key can \par save several steps. Included in the interface are several of these \par shortcuts, described in the Technical Supplement. These keys are \par normally accessed with the left hand, leaving the right hand free to \par use the mouse. \par \par PAGE 14\par\par \par PAGE 15\par \par Map Scrolling\par \par When playing Railroad Tycoon, you spend most of your time viewing \par one map display or another. In order to be able to move down the various\par maps you need to understand how to scroll whether you use a mouse or the \par keybo http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ard.\par \par If you are playing with a mouse, move the mouse pointer to any \par part of the map visible, and press one of the following: Selector 2, the \par Center key, or the shortcut key for the display map that you are on. \par The map immediately centers on the position of the pointer.\par \par If you don't have a mouse, a cursor is usually present on the map \par display. (If not, press the Tab key to get it back on the map.) Use \par the Direction keys to scroll the cursor around the map. If you go off\par the map edge, the map is redrawn if possible, centered on the cursor's \par new position. Rather than move the cursor off of the map edge, you can \par move it to any position on the map and press either the Center key or \par the shortcut key for the display map that you are on. The map \par immediately centers on the position of the cursor. \par \par Zooming and unzooming from the various map displays explained in \par Reading And Using The Displays, page 20.\par \par PAGE 15\par \par PAGE 16\par \par PRE-GAME OPTIONS\par \par The beginning of a game of Railroad Tycoon requires you to make a\par number of choices regarding the parameters and location of the game \par you wish to play. \par \par To begin a game of Railroad Tycoon, follow the instructions in the \par Technical Supplement for booting the game. After the title and credit \par screens, you may be required to answer a few technical questions \par regarding your hardware, depending on the machine format you are \par using. You then proceed to the selection of pre-game options. \par \par Game/World Options\par \par The first menu that appears asks you to choose which game to load: \par \par "Start New RR" \par "Load Saved RR" \par "Load Tutorial" \par \par Choose "Start New RR" to begin a new game. Choose "Load Saved RR" \par to load a previously saved http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html game. A menu of your saved games appears\par and you choose the one you wish to load. Choose "Load Tutorial" to \par load the tutorial railroad.\par \par The next menu asks you to choose the world you wish to play in: \par \par "Eastern USA" (begins in 1830) \par "Western USA" (begins in 1866) \par "England" (begins in 1828) \par "Europe" (begins in 1900) \par \par Difficulty Levels\par \par You are next asked to choose the level of difficulty at which you \par wish to play: \par \par "Investor" \par "Financier" \par "Mogul" \par "Tycoon" \par \par The Investor level is the easiest level to play and the difficulty \par increases as you move down the list. The level of difficulty affects \par how much revenue is earned by each delivery and the number of years \par you can play before you must retire. At the Investor level you can \par play 40 years, at Financier - 60 years, at Mogul - 80 years, and at \par Tycoon - 100 years. At the end of the period when you normally must \par retire, you may \par \par PAGE 16\par \par PAGE 17 \par \par have the option of increasing your level of difficulty in order to \par continue playing. \par \par In addition to these effects, the level of difficulty chosen also\par affects your tycoon rating when you retire, as explained below in the \par section on Difficulty Factors. \par \par Reality Levels\par \par After you have chosen the difficulty level, you are then asked to \par set the level of reality at which you wish to play. A menu appears \par with three reality levels listed:\par \par "No Collision Operation/Dispatcher Operation" \par "Friendly Competition/Cut-Throat Competition" \par "Basic Economy/Complex Economy"\par \par This menu differs from most others in that each option is actually \par a toggle between two choices. The http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html option that is shown in the menu \par is the active option of each pair. If you choose an option, that option \par is turned off and is replaced by the other one of the pair.\par \par If the menu currently lists "No Collision Operation", then the \par game is set to run in the No Collision Mode (see page 93). If you \par choose the "No Collisions" option from the menu, that turns on the \par "Dispatcher Operation" option and the game is set to play with more \par complex train operations. In this case, the movement of trains is \par controlled by block signals, and collisions are possible (see Operating \par Trains, page 88). New players should choose No Collisions. \par \par If the competition is friendly, they do not buy your stock, attempt \par to take you over (see Stock Market Takeovers , page 111) , or start rate \par wars at your stations (see Rate Wars, page 109). If the competition is \par cut-throat, they aggressively buy your stock, try to take you over, and \par start rate wars to capture your stations. New players should keep the \par competition friendly.\par \par In a basic economy every station serving a moderate size city demands \par all cargos. This makes it easier to make money, because any cargos that \par you can pick up can be delivered to any city station. In a complex \par economy the demand at a station is determined by demand of the industry \par and community it serves (see Railroad Stations, page 56). New players \par should play with a simple economy until comfortable with the concepts \par of supply and demand. \par \par PAGE 17\par\par \par PAGE 18\par \par For each of the reality levels, choosing the easier option makes the \par game easier to play by dropping out some concepts a new player then \par doesn't have to think about. As you get more familiar with the \par mechanics of the game and the decisions that must be made, you c http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html an \par selectively increase the reality level of your games.\par \par In addition to making the game more or less easier to play, setting \par the reality level has an effect on the difficulty factor explained \par below. \par \par The Difficulty Factor\par \par The difficulty factor is a measure of the degree of difficulty that\par you have set for your game. When you retire or are forcibly retired, \par the difficulty factor helps to determine your retirement bonus and \par tycoon ranking. The difficulty factor is a percentage, from 25% to 100%, \par and the higher the percentage, the higher your ranking is, other things \par being equal. \par \par The difficulty factor has two general components, the levels of \par difficulty and reality that you have set for your game. Each level of \par difficulty has a difficulty factor value. \par \par To these factors are added the factors from each of the reality \par levels. The easier levels of reality have a 0% difficulty factor. The \par difficult levels of reality are each assigned a number of difficulty \par factors that are added to your total when selected.\par \par When you are setting the level of reality for your game, the \par Difficulty Factor window is also visible. Within this window is dis- \par played the current difficulty factor of your game, ranging up to a \par maximum of 100%, and set at first by the level of difficulty that you \par have already chosen. As you adjust the reality levels, you can see the \par difficulty factor changing with each adjustment.\par \par New players should start with a very modest reality level. A \par difficulty factor of 100% is achieved by playing at the tycoon level \par with all three of the difficult reality levels turned on. This is the \par ultimate Railroad Tycoon challenge.\par \par The effect of your difficulty factor on your retirement bogus \par http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html reflects the number of jobs you took on as president of your railroad. \par If you additionally acted as your railroad's dispatcher, had to battle \par much fiercer competition, and acted as your railroad's shipping agent, \par then your bonus is going to be larger. \par \par PAGE 18\par\par \par PAGE 19\par \par When you are satisfied with the reality levels that you have chosen \par and the difficulty factor that results from your choices, press the \par Selector 1 key, or Selector 2 if using the mouse, to proceed. \par \par This ends the pre-game choices you need to make to begin play. \par At this point the map is drawn and mountains, resources, and cities \par are added to complete the world for your game.\par \par As prompted, press any key to begin play. \par \par RR President's Aptitude Test\par \par Before you are actually accepted for the job as president of the new \par railroad being formed, you must pass one simple test. A window appears \par showing one large locomotive and a list of possible identities for it \par below. You must correctly identify the locomotive pictured. If you \par need some help, you can refer to the Locomotive Roster, beginning on \par page 151 of this manual.\par \par If you fail to correctly identify the pictured locomotive, your\par future as a railroad president will be severely handicapped. \par \par PAGE 19\par\par \par PAGE 20\par \par READING AND USING THE DISPLAYS\par \par After you finish choosing the pre-game options, the game opens at \par the Regional Display. The main feature of this display is the world \par map chosen for this game shown in the display window. The other \par important features of this display are the Menu Bar, the Train Roster, \par the date, your railroad's current cash, and the World View window. \par These features are found on the other displays as well.\par \par You spend http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html the majority of the game playing from the displays, and \par you need to understand what you are seeing and how you can perform \par game functions from these displays to play well. \par \par The Regional Display \par \par This display shows the entire world chosen for your game. In the \par case of the Tutorial Railroad from which the above illustration comes, \par the game world is the Eastern USA. You should be able to recognize the \par rivers and coastlines. Refer to the Technical Supplement to learn what \par the different colors that are visible on land represent. \par \par This display gives you the complete picture of the world. It shows \par the basic geography, including the location of mountains and rivers, \par and also indicates centers of population. If railroads have started \par operating, they are visible as well.\par \par From the Regional Display you can pick out likely areas to consider \par building your railroad. Normally this is an area where at least two \par good sized cities are close enough together to make building a railroad \par between them a reasonable proposition. \par \par PAGE 20\par\par \par PAGE 21\par \par The Menu Bar\par \par Across the top of the entire window is the menu bar. From here you \par gain access to a number of menus from which you can change game \par parameters, save games, jump to other displays, read railroad reports, \par build railroad equipment and structures, and perform other game \par functions. In the following sections, the individual menus that are \par found on the menu bar are described in detail. \par \par The Game Menu\par \par When opened, the Game menu consists of 5 options: \par \par "Game Speed" \par "Train Messages" \par "News Reports" \par "Repeat Message" \par "Save Game" \par \par You can open this menu and make choices from it at any time dur http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ing \par the game. The 5 possible options have these functions:\par \par Game Speed: Choose this option to vary the speed of the game. \par A new menu opens listing the 5 game speed options:\par \par "Frozen" \par "Slow" \par "Moderate" \par "Fast" \par "Turbo" \par \par Choose "Frozen" to completely stop the passage of time. This allows \par you to examine geography, build track, place stations, etc., while all \par trains and activities of competing railroads are halted. In addition, \par although you may call your broker, he won't answer until time starts \par moving again. \par \par "Slow", "Moderate", and "Fast" are simply relative scales of time, \par each faster than the other with no additional effect. \par \par PAGE 21\par\par \par PAGE 22\par \par "Turbo" speed is another special case, that not only triggers the \par fastest passage of time, but the game does not pause as is normal for \par any messages or end of year fiscal reports. The game just continues \par playing at top speed with no stops.\par \par Train Messages: This option refers to the train arrival announce- \par ments that appear in the World View window at the top right of the \par display. Normally a report appears in this window each time a train \par arrives at a station. This report lists the number of the train, where \par it has arrived, the time of arrival, what cargos are delivered, and the \par revenues earned by the delivery. By choosing the "Train Messages" \par option, you open another menu that gives you the choice of turning off \par these messages, or having them go away fast or slowly. \par \par News Reports: Choosing this option opens another menu from which \par you can set the type of news reports you wish to receive. From this \par menu you control the presence of the reduced sized newspaper reports \par that appear from time to t http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ime. If you are getting the information, \par the option has a check mark next to it. If you have the option turned \par off, the check mark is missing. Your options are:\par \par "Financial News" \par "Railroad News" \par "Local News" \par "Animations" \par o Financial News: These are mainly reports on the financial activi- \par ties of competing railroads, specifically the stock that they are \par buying and selling. You do not receive news of their bond sales and \par purchases unless the competing railroad transacting bonds owns stock \par in your railroad.\par \par o Railroad News: These are reports on the non-financial activities \par of the competing railroads, such as the start up of a new railroad, and \par the building of new stations and track.\par \par o Local News: These reports refer to events on your railroad such \par as the presence of a Priority Shipment or a change in the local supply \par or demand due to the loss or addition of industry (only when playing \par with a Complex Economy).\par \par o Animations: Certain events in the game such as bridge building \par and train wrecks are marked by an animated graphic sequence. You\par \par PAGE 22\par\par \par PAGE 23\par \par can turn off these animations to speed up the game.\par \par Repeat Message: If you were not able to read the last message that \par appeared, you can choose this option to have the message repeated.\par \par Save Game: The game you are currently playing is saved at the \par moment you make this choice. You are asked which of the 4 saved game \par files you wish to place the saved game in. Thereafter, this game can \par be called up again and play resumes from the exact moment when you \par saved it. If you choose to write the saved game into a file that holds \par a previously saved game, the older game is eliminated. \par \par The Di http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html splay Menu\par \par The Display menu consists of 5 choices: \par \par "Area Display" \par "Local Display" \par "Detail Display" \par "Options" \par \par This menu is used to zoom in or out among the displays, or to change \par the information shown on the displays. The Regional Display is the \par farthest zoom, and the Detail Display is the closest zoom. How best to \par zoom from this menu depends on whether you have a mouse or not.\par \par If you do not have a mouse, use the Direction keys to center the \par cursor box in the area of the map now visible where you wish to zoom, \par regardless of direction. Pull down the Display menu and choose the \par display to which you want to zoom. The new display centers on the \par cursor.\par \par If you have a mouse, pull down the Display menu and choose the \par display option you wish to see. You are prompted to "Click on map \par center". Place the mouse pointer in the area of the current display \par to which you wish to zoom and press Selector 1. The new display \par centers on the mouse pointer.\par \par Alternatively, the shortcut keys shown on the menu can be used with \par either the mouse or keyboard interface. To use the shortcut keys, \par center either the cursor (when using the keyboard) or the mouse pointer \par (when using the mouse) in the area you wish to examine, and\par \par PAGE 23\par\par \par PAGE 24\par \par press the shortcut key specific for the display you wish to see. The\par new display centers on the area you marked. \par \par Options: By choosing this option, you open another menu from which \par you may toggle on or off information reported on the displays. The \par information that can be toggled on or off are the Shipping Reports and \par the Resource Map. If the information is on, the option has a check mark \par next to it. Information toggled o http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ff has no check mark.\par \par o Shipping Reports: If checked, Shipping Reports are visible from the\par Area and Local Displays (see Shipping Reports, page 58). If not checked \par these reports are removed. \par \par o Resource Map: If checked, this option converts the Area and Local \par Display maps to Resource Maps to help you find nearby sources of cargo \par supply and demand (see Resource Map, page 83). If not checked, the \par normal Area and Local displays appear. \par \par The Reports menu consists of 7 choices: \par \par "Balance Sheet" \par "Income Statement" \par "Train Income" \par "Stocks" \par "Accomplishments" \par "Efficiency" \par "History" \par \par Choose the option you wish to examine, and the report opens. Each of \par these reports is explained in more detail elsewhere in this manual, but \par a short description is included below.\par \par Balance Sheet: A financial statement from your railroad that shows \par its current condition in terms of assets, liabilities, and the retained \par earnings, or profits over its lifetime. (See Balance Sheet, page 99.) \par \par Income Statement: Another financial report showing your railroad's \par revenues and expenses, both for the fiscal period to date, and \par lifetime of the railroad. (See Income Statements, page 101.) \par \par PAGE 25\par\par \par PAGE 26\par \par Remove Track/Build Track: Available only from the Detail Display, \par this option toggles between building track and demolishing track. When \par the "Build Track" option is active, the menu choice available is "Remove \par Track". When the "Remove Track" option is active, the menu choice is \par "Build Track". In addition, the color of the Construction Box box changes \par to reflect the active option, as explained in the Technical Supplement. \par (See How To Lay Track, page http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html 50, and Track And Bridge Demolition, page 54.)\par \par Improve Station: Available only from the Detail Display and only \par if the Construction Box is centered over an existing station, choose \par this option to build improvements at the selected station, such as an \par engine shop, maintenance shop, post office, restaurant, etc. (See \par Station Improvements, page 61.) \par \par Upgrade Bridge: Available only from the Detail Display and only if \par the Construction Box is centered over an existent bridge, choose this \par option to replace an existing bridge with a better one. \par \par The Action Menu\par \par The Action menu consists of 5 choices, or actions that you as \par president of your railroad can undertake:\par \par "Call Broker" \par "Survey" \par "Name RR" \par "Reality Levels" \par "Retire" \par \par You can open this menu and make choices from it at any time during \par the game. The 5 possible options have these functions:\par \par Call Broker: Gets you in contact with your stock broker so that you \par can buy and sell stocks and bonds. You can buy the stock of your own \par railroad or the stock of a competing railroad. Also through your broker \par you can direct the operations of any railroads that you control. (See \par Calling Your Broker, page 97 and Controlling Other Railroads, page 112.) \par Your broker may not always be able to return your call because he is \par currently taking calls from competing railroads or because you have \par frozen time. If you have a call placed, a letter B appears to the left \par of your current cash indicating that your broker will get back to you as \par soon as he can, and that you don't have to keep calling. \par \par PAGE 26 \par\par \par PAGE 27\par \par Survey: Available only from the Detail Display, choosing this option \par calls in your engineers http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html to survey the area visible on the display map. \par The engineers mark the elevation of the area in order to help you plan \par where best to lay your tracks to minimize grades. (See Surveys And \par Grades, page 51.)\par \par Name RR: Choosing this option allows you to give your railroad \par a new name. A window opens and prompts you to type in the name you\par desire. In addition to the full name, you are asked for a 3 letter \par handle for your railroad that is used in places where the full name \par would take too much space. For example, the handle of the Baltimore \par & Ohio Railroad might be the B&O.\par \par Reality Levels: Choosing this option opens a new menu of the game \par options that you selected when beginning play (see Pre-Game Options, \par page 16). You may turn these options on or off from this menu. The \par reality levels that can be changed are: \par \par o No Collision Operations/Dispatcher Operation: New players should \par choose No Collisions. \par o Friendly Competition/Cut-Throat Competition: New players should \par keep the competition friendly. \par o Basic Economy/Complex Economy: New players should play with the \par Basic Economy.\par \par Retire: Choose this option to end the game or to see how you are \par doing at this time. By choosing this option, you receive a report on \par what your retirement bonus would be if you retired now, and what \par occupation your performance indicates that you are best suited for. \par Press Selector 1 to open a menu that gives you a chance to return to \par the game or really retire. \par \par The World View Window\par \par This small window is most often used to show you at a glance the\par part of the world map that is currently shown in the display window. \par It is also used to display Train Arrival Announcements when one of \par your trains arrives at a station. (Not http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html e that how long Train Arrival \par Announcements linger in this window, or whether they appear at all \par can be determined by you from the Game menu, see page 21.) \par \par PAGE 28\par \par When the world map is shown within the World View window, a box is \par drawn around the part of the world that is currently shown in the \par display window. Since it would not make any sense to show this map when \par you are at the Regional Display, the Railroad Tycoon logo is shown in \par the window instead. \par \par Current Cash\par \par The amount of money shown here is the cash your railroad currently \par has on hand to spend. The color of this number (as described in the \par Technical Supplement) indicates whether the balance is positive or \par negative. A negative cash balance is the current amount of short term \par loans that you have outstanding (see Short Term Loans, page 98). \par \par Date\par \par This is the current month and year of your Railroad Tycoon game. \par Each game begins in the month of January of the starting year. For \par example, games in the Eastern USA begin in January of 1830. The end of \par December in each odd-numbered year ends a fiscal period in the game and \par you review the financial reports of your railroad at that time. At the \par end of December of each year, you are charged interest on your bonds \par and short term loans. \par \par The Train Roster\par \par This roster is a list of your trains, in order, from Train #1 at the \par top, down to the last train on your railroad (see Train Roster, page 65). \par From this roster you can tell at a glance the cars currently in a train, \par whether they are loaded or empty, the train's destination, whether it is \par currently paused or not, its relative speed, and whether or not it is \par carrying a Priority Shipment. If a Priority Shipment is available on \par your railro http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ad, the current reward for its delivery is shown at the bottom\par of the Train Roster.\par \par From the roster you can obtain more detailed information about each \par train and make changes to its route and consist by opening its Train \par Report (see Train Reports. page 66). \par \par PAGE 28\par\par \par PAGE 29\par \par The Area Display \par \par This is the next zoom down from the Regional Display and is a \par schematic display of your railroad. It shows no geography, but only \par the track, signals, trains, stations, and Shipping Reports (if not \par toggled off) of your Railroad. For this display you may toggle off the \par Shipping Reports (see Display Menu, page 23) and toggle on or off the \par Resource Map (see Resource Map, page 83). \par \par This display is useful when you want ho see more of your railroad at \par one time than you can at the Local Display. From here it is also easier \par to pick out the railroad features since the local geography is hidden. \par \par PAGE 29\par\par \par PAGE 30\par \par The Local Display \par \par This is the second zoom down from the Regional Display and shows not \par only your railroad's features, but also the local geography and industry. \par From this display you can plan the expansion of your railroad into nearby \par areas with good population centers or industrial sites, while keeping the \par location of mountain and river obstacles in view.\par \par On this display you may also toggle on or off the Shipping Reports of \par your stations or the Resource Map. \par \par PAGE 30 \par\par \par PAGE 31\par \par The Detail Display \par \par This is the closest zoom possible, and is the display at which all \par railroad construction is done. This display shows in greatest detail \par the geography, population centers, and industrial sites on the map. From \par this display only, you may su http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html rvey the local geography and plan in detail \par the laying of track (see Surveys and Grades, page 51).\par \par This display is also the most useful when planning train movements \par that require the overriding of block signals (see Overriding A Block \par Signal, page 91), because you get the clearest view of the relative \par locations of your trains on your tracks. \par \par PAGE 31\par\par \par PAGE 32\par \par ENDING THE GAME AND WINNING\par \par Ending The Game\par \par A game of Railroad Tycoon can end in one of four ways. First, if you \par are thrown out of office and replaced as president of your railroad by \par irate stockholders (see Stockholder Happiness, page 96), the game ends \par immediately. Second, if another railroad manages to buy enough stock to \par gain control of your railroad, your services are no longer required and \par the game ends immediately (see Stock Market Takeovers, page 111). Third, \par when the number of years have passed for the level of difficulty you chose \par (see Difficulty Levels, page 16), the game ends unless you accept an \par increase in the level of difficulty. Fourth, you have the option of \par retiring at any time.\par \par Tycoon Rankings \par \par Regardless of how the game ends, your performance is rated according \par to several factors, including the value of the railroad when you retired,\par the number of years that you were president, the difficulty factor of your \par game, the number of competing railroads, if any, that you control, and \par whether you were thrown out of office.\par \par The resulting retirement rating is your retirement bonus and final \par rank as a tycoon, and indicates the job that you are most qualified for \par after retirement. Post retirement jobs range from Hobo, the worst, to \par President of the United States, the best. In the final scene of each \par game you are s http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html hown a picture of yourself in your new position.\par \par Throughout play, as you reach new levels of achievement you may\par receive offers of other jobs. These offers give you a general idea \par of how you are doing in the tycoon rankings. \par \par Railroader's Hall Of Fame\par \par If you do an exceptional job as railroad president, upon your \par retirement you maybe elected into the Railroader's Hall Of Fame. This \par is a select group of the 5 greatest Railroad Tycoons. If your tycoon \par ranking is high enough, you are given the opportunity to add your name to\par the list. \par \par PAGE 32\par\par \par PAGE 35\par \par 2. TUTORIAL RAILROAD\par \par TUTORIAL RAILROAD\par \par To help new players understand the major concepts of Railroad Tycoon, \par a working railroad has been started and is described in this section. \par Follow the instructions for loading this railroad and read through this \par section with the railroad on your screen. Before attempting to follow \par the tutorial you need to at least be familiar with the manual section \par Interface Introduction, page 13.\par \par To load the tutorial railroad, follow the instructions for setting \par the Pre-Game Options (see page 16) up to the point where you have the \par option of starting a new railroad, loading a saved railroad, or loading \par the tutorial. Choose "Load Tutorial". This action skips the remainder \par of the pre-game options and takes you into the tutorial railroad game. \par The first step is the drawing of the world map. When the map is \par complete, press any key to begin the game. \par \par Looking Around\par \par After you press any key from the previous step, the Regional Display \par opens. Before you do anything else, pull down the Game menu at the top \par left of the display on the menu bar and choose the option "Game Speed". \par From the new menu tha http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html t opens, choose "Frozen". This action freezes time \par until you change game speed again, and allows you to look around your \par new railroad before resuming operation. \par \par PAGE 35\par\par \par PAGE 36\par \par You are looking at the Regional Display. In the biggest window of the \par display is the map of the Eastern USA world, and you should be able to \par recognize the Great Lakes, rivers, and Atlantic coastline. In the bottom\par of one of the rivers, is an angled line that is a different color from \par the rivers. This is the track of your railroad, the Charlottesville and \par Richmond. Throughout this tutorial the Charlottesville and Richmond is \par referred to by its handle, the C&R.\par \par When you play Railroad Tycoon, you spend the majority of your time at \par this display or one of the three other similar displays. The other three \par displays are similar in design, except that the maps they show are closer \par zooms of this world map. For a more detailed description of what you are \par seeing on these displays and how to use them, refer to the manual section \par Reading And Using The Displays, page 20.\par \par For new, just pull down the menus listed across the menu bar, one at a \par time, to familiarize yourself with the options they contain. Note that \par some of the options have shortcut keys listed after them. You can use \par these keys to choose the corresponding option without having to use the \par menus. \par \par After you have looked at the menus, open the next display down, the \par Area Display. There are several ways to do this, but for now place \par either the mouse pointer (if you have a mouse) or the cursor (if you \par don't have a mouse, move the cursor with the Direction keys) just \par \par PAGE 36\par\par \par PAGE 37\par \par below the visible track of the C&R. Then open the Display menu with \par the k http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html eyboard and choose "Area Display". \par \par This display is a schematic representation of your railroad, and \par shows no geography. The parts of your railroad that are visible\par are the tracks, stations, signals, trains, and Shipping Reports. The \par Shipping Report graphically report which cargos are supplied and/or \par demanded at each of your stations, and are described in more detail in \par the manual section Shipping Reports, page 58. \par \par Notice that the display features surrounding the map window have \par remained unchanged, with one important exception. To the top right of \par the display where the game's logo previously appeared, there now \par appears a section of the world map. Within this map section a box \par appears. The area within the box is the area of the world map now \par visible within the display window.\par \par This Area Display can be modified to change the information it \par reports. To see this, open the Display menu and choose "Options". \par Notice on the menu that appears that Shipping Reports are checked, \par indicating they are on, and that Resource Map is not checked, \par indicating that it is off. Take the time now to switch these features\par on and off, pressing Selector 2 after each change to see the effect.\par \par As you play, you may find it helpful to have the Shipping Reports \par turned off to see more of the surrounding area. The Resource Map shows \par you at a glance the location of industry and population that\par \par PAGE 37\par\par \par PAGE 38\par \par supply and demand goods. For more information, see Resource Map, page \par 83.\par \par Before going on to the next display, reset the options to Shipping \par Reports on and Resource Map off. To zoom in closer to the C&R, center \par the cursor or mouse pointer just below the Charlottesville Shipping Report \par (the box marked "Cha"). http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html Then open the Display menu with the keyboard \par and choose "Local Display". \par \par This display is a closer look at your railroad and the nearby \par geography. Now you can see map icons that represent the different \par types of terrain, industry, and population centers. These icons are \par described in detail in the World Economies Chart found on the Player \par Aid Cards. The parts of your railroad are represented in the same \par manner as they were on the Area Display.\par \par Note that the display features surrounding the map window have \par remained unchanged from the Area Display. Also, on this display you \par may turn off the Shipping Reports or turn on the Resource Map, as was \par possible on the Area Display. \par \par From this display, for the first time, you can obtain information \par about some of the map features. Using the mouse, place the pointer on \par the icon two squares below the Charlottesville station, and press \par Selector 1. Without a mouse, use the Direction keys to center the \par cursor directly on this icon and press the Information key. In either \par case, the icon is revealed as a steel mill.\par \par PAGE 38\par\par \par PAGE 39\par \par To zoom in as close as possible to the C&R, center the cursor or mouse\par pointer on the railroad's track, half way between the Charlottesville and\par Richmond stations. Then open the Display menu with the keyboard and\par choose "Detail Display".\par \par This display is the closest zoom you can achieve, and the most detailed\par view of the map and your railroad available. From this view you can see\par the trains moving in detail, including the smoke puffing from their \par stacks. Also visible in the greatest detail are the map icons for the \par geography and industries. The icons now visible are the ones shown in\par the World Economies Chart on the Player Aid Cards. A http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html lso visible for\par the first time are the names of the cities on the map. \par \par From the Detail Display you can obtain information about the map\par features present, as you can from the Local Display. However, the\par Shipping Reports are no longer visible and the Resource Map cannot be\par turned on.\par \par The Detail Display is the display where all railroad construction is \par conducted. From this display you lay track and build stations. How \par to perform these functions is described later in the tutorial. Before \par beginning construction, you should examine a few reports to get a better\par idea of how your railroad is operation. \par \par PAGE 39\par\par \par PAGE 40\par \par Station Reports \par \par Move the Construction Box onto the Charlottesville Station icon and \par press the Information key or press Selector 1 if you have a mouse. In \par either case you open the Station Report for the station at \par Charlottesville. This report shows you how big the station is, what \par improvements have been made there (only an engine shop at this time), \par what cargos are waiting to be picked up (cargos that are supplied there), \par and what cargos the city will pay for (what cargos are in demand there). \par \par This information helps you plan what trains to run where. You learn, \par for example, that you can sell anything here that you can carry, and \par that the city is supplying mail and passengers. If you look at the \par Station Report for Richmond you see that it also supplies mail and \par passengers. \par \par This presents you with an opportunity to run mail and/or passenger \par trains back and forth between the two cities, hauling mail and \par passengers between them. At each end you can pick up a cargo, take it \par to the other city for delivery, and then pick up a similar cargo for \par the return trip.\par \par T http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html he information regarding the local cargo supply and demand is also \par available in the Shipping Reports visible from the Area and Local \par Displays mentioned earlier. You use the Shipping Reports and the more \par detailed Station Reports to help plan where you wish trains to run. For \par a more detailed discussion of how stations work, see Railroad Stations, \par page 56. \par \par PAGE 40\par\par \par PAGE 41\par \par The tutorial railroad is set up to run at the lowest difficulty and \par reality levels. One of the reality options is the basic economy, where \par a city icon generates demand for all cargos. To quickly see how a \par complex economy works, return to the Detail Display from the Station \par Report, and pull down the Action menu. Choose the option "Reality \par Levels", and from the menu that opens choose "Complex Economy". This \par places a check mark next to the option indicating that the complex \par economy is turned on.\par \par Now return to the Station Report for the Charlottesville station to \par see the effect of changing to a complex economy. The station will no \par longer pay for (demand) everything. It will pay only for those cargos \par that the surrounding industry and population want. The city wants \par mail, passengers, and goods, the steel mill wants coal, and the paper \par mill wants wood. These are the only cargos now in demand.\par \par Before continuing with the tutorial, you can turn off the complex \par economy or leave it on as you wish. Next, it is time to examine one \par of your trains. \par \par Train Reports\par \par From the Detail Display, turn your attention to the Train Roster \par at the bottom right of the display. In this area are shown in order \par the three trains that already exist on your railroad. For each train \par the roster shows the number and types of cars in the train, the train's \ http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html par destination, and other information as explained in the section Train \par Roster, page 65. For now you want to use the roster to open the \par detailed Train Report of Train #2.\par \par To open the report if you don't have a mouse, use the Tab key to \par move the map cursor into the roster, and then use the Direction keys \par to move the cursor down the roster to Train #2. Then press the Selector \par key to open the Train Report. If you have a mouse, place the mouse \par pointer on the locomotive icon of Train #2 and press Selector 1. In \par either case, this opens the Train Report. \par \par PAGE 41\par\par \par PAGE 42\par \par The Train Report that is now visible provides you with detailed \par information about this particular train, including what it is carrying \par and where it is headed. For a more complete discussion of what you can \par see here and what you can do to make changes, see Trains, page 63.\par \par Of particular interest right now is the part of the report titled \par Scheduled Stops at the bottom left. Listed here are the four stops \par planned for this train. To the right of the planned stops, under New \par Consist, some freight cars are visible. The stops and consist changes \par for this train have been planned to take advantage of opportunities for \par profit along the C&R.\par \par If you return to the Local Display of the C&R, you can see the reasons \par for the schedule and consist of Train #2. At Charlottesville Junction \par there is supply of coal and at Charlottesville there is a steel mill that \par wants coal. The steel mill takes the coal and converts it into steel, \par creating a supply of steel. In Richmond there is a factory that wants \par steel. If it gets steel, it converts the steel into manufactured goods. \par The city of Charlottesville wants manufactured goods.\par \par So Train #2 has been sch http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html eduled to load coal at Charlottesville Junction \par into a coal car. It then travels to Charlottesville, delivering \par the coal. The coal becomes steel. Train #2 takes off its coal car and\par puts on a steel car to carry away the steel. The steel is carried to \par Richmond and delivered to the factory. The factory converts the steel to\par manufactured goods, creating a supply of goods. Train #2 takes off its \par steel\par \par PAGE 42\par\par \par PAGE 43\par \par car and puts on a goods car to carry the goods back to Charlottesville. \par After reaching Charlottesville a second time and delivering the goods, \par the train switches to a coal car again and starts the route over again. \par \par Note that next to Charlottesville Junction on the list of Scheduled \par Stops there is a letter "W". This indicates that this train is ordered \par to wait at this stop until it is fully loaded before leaving. How this \par order is placed and the advantage it offers is explained in Wait Until \par Full Orders, page 78. \par \par Note that at this time, Train #2 is listed as a Bulk Freight Local. \par Open the Train Type menu and select the choice "Limited". This \par changes Train #2 to a Bulk Freight Limited, and the train now only \par stops at the stations listed in its schedule, and only in the order \par listed. In the manual section on Routing Trains, the reasons for \par making this change are explained in detail.\par \par The manual sections on Routing Trains and Train Consist explain \par how schedules such as this one for Train #2 are arranged. If you wish, \par read these sections now. For practice, take Train #3, now hauling coal \par to Charlottesville, and give it the same schedule and consist of Train \par #2. Before leaving this report, however, pull down the other menus \par across the top to see what options are available. \par \par Laying Track\ http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html par \par The first real step in getting a new railroad operating is laying \par track. Although the C&R is already operating, it is going to have to\par expand to grow and increase revenues. You are going to lay some track \par to the north of Charlottesville to connect up to the lumber mill on the \par map in that direction. Wood from the lumber mill can be carried to the \par paper mill and converted into paper, as noted on the World Economies \par Chart (see the Player Aid Cards).\par \par To build some new track, return to the Detail Display and place the \par Construction Box on the track section directly below the paper mill \par that is to the east of the Charlottesville station. Now press the Track \par Construction key for laying track in a northeast direction. You see a \par new track section appear, branching off from the mainline to Richmond. \par Lay one more section in a northeast direction. \par \par Because the terrain directly ahead is hills, it might pay to survey \par the local area to see what the best route is. Press the Center key to \par center the map on the Construction Box, and then open the Action\par \par PAGE 43\par\par \par PAGE 44\par \par menu and choose "Survey". The elevations of all the visible map squares\par are revealed and this makes it clear that laying straight ahead would \par mean a steep rise in the relative elevation. However, if you build \par north for a while and then curve around the hills, the elevation changes \par remain reasonable. You can leave the survey on if you like, or remove it \par by pressing the Center key again.\par \par Lay four more track sections straight north, and then one more \par northeast. That brings your track adjacent to the lumber mill. Note \par that with the laying of each track section, your cash is reduced. Cash \par is being spent for the track and the land, or right-of-way, that http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html the \par track takes up. You now have the track completed for the connection to \par the lumber mill, and it's time to put a station there to load the wood. \par \par Building A Station\par \par To build a station for the lumber mill, place the Construction Box \par on the track section that ends next to the mill. Pull down the Build \par menu and choose "Build Station". A new menu appears from which \par you choose the type of facility to build. Also, the economic radius \par of the types of stations available appears centered around the Construc- \par tion Box.\par \par The economic radius is explained in further detail in the manual \par section How to Build a Station, page 58. Basically it represents how \par far people and industry are willing to travel to each station type to \par pick up deliveries or drop off cargos to be shipped. The better the \par station, the farther they will come. Since your station is going right \par next to the lumber mill and there are no other likely customers nearby, \par you need only build the smallest station, a Depot with a radius of one \par square in every direction.\par \par Choose "Depot" from the list of options, and a station report for \par the new station at Charlottesville Crossing appears. This report shows \par that the station can be expected to supply 2 cars per year with a \par normal economy, and that no cargos are in demand here. Now that the \par track and a station have been built to a supply of wood, you need to \par put on a train to carry the wood to the paper mill. \par \par PAGE 44\par\par \par PAGE 45\par \par Building A Train\par \par To build a new train to carry the wood, pull down the Build menu\par and choose "New Train". A new window appears offering you the choice \par of locomotives to put on the train. However, at this time, only \par one locomotive is available, the 0-4-0 Grasshoppe http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html r.\par \par If you don't have a mouse, a menu appears from which you can only \par choose the Grasshopper locomotive. If you have a mouse, no menu \par appears, but you make your selection by placing the mouse pointer on \par the icon of the locomotive on the left side of the window and \par pressing Selector 1.\par \par In either case, you are taken to the Charlottesville Station where \par the new locomotive is built. The engine appears here because the only \par engine shop on your railroad is at Charlottesville. (For more informa- \par tion about the engine shop and other facilities that can be built at \par your station, see Station Improvements. page 61.)\par \par The new locomotive drives out of the engine shop and stops to the \par left of the station platform. At this point you add the cars that you \par want on the train. You can put as many as 8 cars on any train, but this \par tiny locomotive is not capable of pulling that many. As time passes \par and better engines are developed, you can build much bigger trains, but \par for now just put on one wood hopper car. When the hopper is on, choose \par "No Thanks" to complete the train. You now go to the Train Report for \par your new train, Train #4.\par \par Your train is ready to go except that its schedule sends it back and \par forth from Charlottesville to Richmond. You want this train to go to \par Charlottesville Crossing instead, to pick up wood. You need to make \par this schedule change before allowing the train to start out.\par \par To change the schedule when you don't have a mouse, use the Direction \par keys to move the highlight box that is visible to the row marked #2 under \par Scheduled Stops. Now open the Schedule menu on the menu bar at the top \par of the report and choose "Change Station". This opens the Route Map. \par Use the Direction keys to cycle the cursor around the st http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ations of your \par railroad until the cursor highlights Charlottesville Crossing. Press \par Selector 1 to choose Charlottesville Crossing and return to the Train \par Report. \par \par PAGE 45\par\par \par PAGE 46\par \par To change the schedule when using a mouse, place the mouse pointer on \par the city name "Richmond" and press Selector 1. This opens the Route Map. \par Move the mouse pointer to the small box beside Charlottesville Crossing \par and press Selector 1. Press Selector 2 to return to the Train Report.\par \par In either case, Charlottesville Crossing is now stop #2 on the list \par of scheduled stops for Train #4. This train is now scheduled to run \par back and forth carrying wood to the paper mill at Charlottesville. \par You can now leave the Train Report. \par \par Restarting The Railroad\par \par You have now examined the major game functions that you must \par understand to play Railroad Tycoon. Pull down the Game menu again \par and choose "Game Speed". Set the speed to "Slow" and let your \par railroad begin operating. Take the time now to examine some of the \par reports found in the Reports menu. They are explained in detail in the \par manual chapter, Railroad Business, page 94. Zoom in and out among \par the displays, and turn on the Resource Map for a while to look for \par likely areas to expand the C&R. \par \par It may be useful to save the C&R at this point, and then experiment \par with new routes, trains, and the reality options. To save the game at \par this point, pull down the Game menu and choose "Save Game." Your first\par experiments with Dispatcher Operations may result in some collisions, \par unless you have studied the manual section on Operating Trains, page 88, \par and have broken up your railroad into signal blocks. If things go wrong, \par simply reload the C&R from where you last saved it and try again. \pa http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html r \par Reality Experiments\par \par If you decide to experiment with Dispatcher Operation, consider \par placing a signal tower halfway between Charlottesville and Richmond, \par and two more just after the switch on the way to Charlottesville \par Crossing. Place one on the mainline east of the switch and one on the \par branch line on the north side of the switch. Experimentation and \par reading the section on Operating Trains, page 88, should make it clear \par how these signals can speed the movement of your trains.\par \par PAGE 46\par\par \par PAGE 47\par \par The track between the new signals at the Charlottesville Crossing \par switch and Charlottesville can be double tracked to allow two trains \par at a time to move through this block.\par \par You may also consider changing over to a complex economy. The \par C&R as set up for you can operate perfectly well with a complex \par economy. Further profitable expansion, however, will require that you \par understand how stations work, and the relationship between industry \par and cargos. \par \par When you have finished experimenting, it is time to restart the \par game, select your new railroad world, and build your own railroad \par from the beginning. \par \par PAGE 47\par\par \par PAGE 49\par \par 3. RAILROAD ENGINEERING\par \par LAYING TRACK\par \par Where a railroad places its track can make a significant difference\par in its operations and profits. If track is laid up a hill, every train \par using the route must slow down or increase power to make the climb. If\par the track is sharply curved, trains must again slow down to prevent \par derailment. Poor track planning increases costs and reduces earnings.\par \par The most desirable track is straight and level, allowing trains to \par maximize speed in both directions. The more curves and grades, the \par slower trains can move and http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html thus, the slower deliveries are made. Since \par most revenue is tied to speedy delivery, slow trains may be the \par difference between profits and losses. \par \par Once a railroad decides to lay track between two points, the \par construction process takes several steps. The first is to send \par engineers to the country to survey the geography. The surveyors select \par a route that minimizes grades, curves, and right-of-way expense. \par Railroads must buy the land, or right-of-way, over which their tracks \par are to be laid. The route selected should pass over undeveloped and \par less expensive real estate where possible, rather than expensive \par residential or industrial areas. \par \par Once the route is selected and the right-of-way acquired, track \par laying begins with the leveling of the road bed to as nearly level \par a grade as possible. This may require earth fills in depressions, \par cuts through ridges, and bridges and tunnels for more serious \par obstacles. Once the road bed is prepared, on goes the gravel ballast, \par the wooden crossties, and finally, the steel rails.\par \par In Railroad Tycoon you may also survey the area through which \par you wish to lay track. By conducting your survey you can plan how\par best to run your tracks so as to minimize grades, curves, tunnels and \par \par PAGE 49\par\par \par PAGE 50\par \par bridges. Building tunnels and bridges greatly increases the cost of \par your track, but may be a better alternative to long detours or steep \par grades. \par \par Your trains will move more slowly up steep grades and through tight \par curves, so good planning before the trains start running will increase \par your average train speed and profits over the life of your road.\par As construction engineer of your railroad you must carefully balance \par the cost of alternative routes versus their effects on your http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html train \par operations. \par \par How To Lay Track\par \par Track is constructed on the Detail Display only. It is built in \par sections, one section at a time. A track section connects the center \par of one map square to the center of an adjacent square.\par \par To lay a section of track, center the Construction Box on the map \par in the square from which you wish the track piece to be constructed.\par \par Press the correct Track Construction key to build a section of track\par in the direction you desire. Watch the new track piece appear and note\par that the cost of the right-of-way and track construction are subtracted\par from your cash.\par \par Once your first section of track is laid, you can continue putting\par down more track in any of six directions: straight ahead or back, a 45 \par degree angle to the left or right, or a 90 degree angle to the left or \par right. However, once track building begins, you may only build new \par sections off of existing track. You cannot there after start a new \par section independent of existing track.\par \par All track built into a new square is single track. (See Double Track\par below.) \par \par You may build switches by having track split off an existing track\par piece at a 45 degree angle (not a 90 degree angle), but either the \par switch or original track must be a straight section. You cannot build \par a 'Y' track junction.\par \par You may not lay track across another section of your track or a \par section of another railroad's track. \par \par PAGE 50\par\par \par PAGE 51\par \par Surveys And Grades \par \par As you lay track you may receive a message reporting that the section \par you wish to lay has a grade of a certain size, 1.5% or higher. The higher \par the percentage, the steeper the grade and the slower trains can move here.\par You are given the choice of proceedin http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html g or not with construction. Before \par laying the track consider conducting a survey of the area to look for \par an easier route. \par \par You can survey an area by centering it in the Detail Display and \par choosing "Survey" from the Action menu. In each square of the map a \par number appears. These numbers represent the relative elevations of the \par squares. Grade percentages result from a complicated calculation of the \par differences between the elevations of two adjacent squares.\par \par Trains are slowed down by even the tiniest grade, and are only \par unaffected when moving downhill or on a level. Grades of some sort are \par all but impossible to avoid, and in many cases you have no good \par alternative but to accept grades of 3% or even higher. \par \par PAGE 51\par\par \par PAGE 52\par \par River Bridges\par \par Bridging the gaps over rivers and other geographic features was a \par major engineering challenge for railroads. In the early days the material \par of choice was stone, but its expense often forced the compromise of \par wood. As technology and engineering science progressed, engineers \par turned to steel as the best structural material for their bridges. \par It was relatively cheap but still capable of supporting the growing \par weight of trains.\par \par You may lay track across rivers by building bridges. To build a \par bridge, proceed as if you were laying a normal straight track section. \par Bridges cannot be built on curves. A menu appears showing you the \par cost of each bridge type now available. You have the option building \par any one of the bridge types, or of not building the bridge at all.\par \par River bridges may only be built in a straight line over one river \par square. The bridge is built from the starting square to the first land \par square on the river's other side. You may not build a bridge t http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html hat \par crosses more than one river square. \par \par Floods may wash out your bridges. Trains on bridges that wash \par out or that cannot be stopped or rerouted before going off of a washed \par out bridge are destroyed (see Train Wrecks, page 80). A washed out \par bridge is rebuilt after the passage of sufficient time. You cannot \par speed the rebuilding process, or build a bridge of a new type at this \par location while the washout remains.\par \par You have a choice of up to three types of bridge to build. A wooden \par trestle costs $50,000 and is very susceptible to washouts. A steel \par girder bridge costs $200,000 and is much harder to wash out, but is \par not available until the technology for it is achieved. A stone mason \par bridge costs $400,000 and is almost impervious to floods. Only \par steel and stone bridges may be double tracked, wooden trestles may not.\par \par Ferryboats\par \par It is possible for your trains to cross tidal estuaries, the ocean, \par or large lakes with the help of ferryboats. To build a ferryboat, \par proceed as if you were laying track over the ocean or lake. In effect \par you build a ferry route. This route may include curves, but it may not \par be double tracked.\par \par Ocean ferries are built one square at a time. If the water to be \par crossed is several squares wide, you must continue building ferry \par \par PAGE 52\par\par \par PAGE 53\par \par sections to the other side of the water.\par \par Trains move over ferries as if they were normal track sections, \par except that train speed is very slow.\par \par Ferries can not be sunk or otherwise damaged. \par \par Tunnels\par \par When a hill or mountain along a planned route was impossible to \par build around or slice through with a cut, the last resort was a \par tunnel. Despite their cost, tun http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html nels were normally bargains that \par eliminated the need for long, tortuous switchbacks with steep grades \par or long detours.\par \par In Railroad Tycoon you may have situations where your tracks \par cannot cross a mountainous area without building very steep grades. \par In these situations the increase in train speeds may justify the cost\par of a tunnel. \par If you attempt to build a straight track section of sufficiently \par steep grade, your engineers inform you that building a tunnel may be \par an option here. To build it, choose the "Build Tunnel" option from \par the choices presented. The engineers then calculate how long the \par tunnel needs to be to come out at the same elevation it starts at. \par A second menu appears reporting the required length of the tunnel and \par its cost. To build the tunnel, again choose "Build Tunnel". To not \par build the tunnel, choose "Never Mind". \par \par If you build the tunnel, it appears on the map and you can continue \par building track from its end. The track inside the tunnel is straight \par and level. \par \par Tunnels are constructed at the elevation of the square from which \par they are built and therefore have no grade.\par \par Tunnels may not be double tracked. \par \par Double Track\par \par The value of having two tracks between stops, one for traffic in \par each direction, was recognized by railroads early on. With a flexible \par system of switching between the tracks and monitoring the relative \par position of trains, double tracking made train movement more efficient. \par Doubling track, even at a later date, was much less expensive than the \par cost of a second single track because the right-of-way was already \par owned and much of the preparation was already accomplished.\par \par In Railroad Tycoon all of the track you lay is single track, but you \par may go back over exi http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html sting sections and double track them. This\par \par PAGE 53\par\par \par PAGE 54\par \par immediately doubles the number of trains that can safely move over \par any section (see Operating Trains, page 88. However, doubling track is \par expensive and normally necessary on only your busiest sections. Monitor\par your train operations and double track those parts of your railroad \par where to often trains are kept idle waiting for tracks to clear.\par \par To double a track section center the Detail Display over the area \par to be improved. Place the Construction Box on the section to be \par doubled and press the Double Track key. Note the change of the \par section to the map symbol for double track. Track is doubled one \par section at a time. \par \par The following features may not be double tracked: 90 degree curves, \par tunnels, and wooden trestles. \par \par All stations, including signal towers, are automatically double \par tracked. \par \par Track And Bridge Demolition\par \par Railroads occasionally found it necessary to rebuild or remove \par track and other structures. The B&O for example, rebuilt its main line \par from Baltimore to Harper's Ferry several times to eliminate difficult \par curves and grades. As railroads have concentrated their business into \par long, mainline hauling, many branch lines have been abandoned and \par torn up. Many industries have gone over to truck transport, or \par entirely disappeared, eliminating the need for rail transport to \par communities.\par \par In Railroad Tycoon you may find circumstances where a station no \par longer needs to be served because the local industry has gone out of \par business, or where a bridge that can be double tracked is a good \par investment, etc. In these cases it may financially beneficial for your \par railroad to remove or realign your tracks. Note that track not be http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ing used \par stills costs you money for maintenance.\par \par To demolish a track section or bridge from your railroad, go to the \par Detail Display and place the Construction Box at the end of the section \par or bridge to be removed. Pull down the Build menu and choose the \par "Remove Track" option. Note that the Construction Box changes color, \par signifying that your work crews are now prepared for demolition. \par \par Press the Track Construction key for the direction in which you \par wish to tear up track and the section is removed. When track is \par removed, you receive cash for the value of the right-of-way that is \par sold. \par \par PAGE 54\par\par \par PAGE 55\par \par When you have completed all desired demolitions, pull down the \par Build menu again and choose the "Build Track" option. This returns \par the Construction Box to its normal color signifying that track building \par is again possible. \par \par PAGE 55\par\par \par PAGE 56\par \par RAILROAD STATIONS\par \par The first regularly operating railroad station in the United States \par is thought to have been built by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in the \par Mount Clare area of its home city. This station was used for many years \par until the passenger and freight traffic passing through it grew too \par large. Most of its functions were moved to a larger station in the \par Camden area that was better equipped to handle the traffic flow into and \par out of the expanding city.\par \par The purpose of a railroad station, like those on the B&O, is to\par provide a place for people and goods to transfer to and from trains. \par A small platform by the trackside where farmers drop off their milk \par cans, the special sidings adjacent to a coal mine, or the New York \par Central's Grand Central Station in Manhattan are all examples of \par stations or facilities functioning as st http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ations.\par \par In order to work efficiently, a railroad sets up a network of \par appropriately sized and equipped stations to provide reasonable service \par to its customers. Grand Central Station would be wasted in a small \par rural town, while a small commuter station would not begin to handle \par the needs of New Yorkers.\par \par In Railroad Tycoon, you have a choice of three different sized \par stations to build. The larger the station you choose for a location, \par the larger the surrounding area it serves. However, larger stations \par cost more. Your challenge is to accurately assess the needs of the \par local community and provide a station that provides the most service\par for a reasonable investment. A station that is too large is a waste \par of money and a station that is too small reduces the local supply and \par demand for cargos, lowering potential revenue.\par \par Description\par \par In Railroad Tycoon stations are the only places that trains can stop \par to pick up and deliver cargos. Building track into industrial sites or\par cities has no effect on creating supply and demand for cargos. The \par transfer facilities that automatically come with a station must be \par present for pickups and deliveries to take place.\par \par There are three types of station: Depots ($50,000), Stations \par ($100,000), and Terminals ($200,000). They are differentiated by their \par cost, economic radius, and map icon.\par \par The economic radius is a range in squares out from the station in \par all directions. The better the station, the farther people and industry\par \par PAGE 56\par\par \par PAGE 57\par \par can be expected to travel to do business with your railroad. All \par industrial and population sites within the radius of a station send \par (supply) and receive (demand) business through the station. By \par adding together t http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html he supply and demand for cargos from the industry \par and population within range, the supply and demand for the station is \par determined. For example, assume each coal mine creates an average \par supply of two carloads of coal per year. A station with three coal \par mines within its economic radius then generates a supply of about six \par carloads of coal per year.\par \par A Depot has a radius of one square in all directions, a Station \par has a radius of two, and a Terminal has a radius of three. The \par square the station occupies also contributes. During the station \par construction process you are graphically shown the radius of each \par station type before you actually spend money to build. Examine this \par graphic to determine which station incorporates the area that you \par desire.\par \par The section of track that any station occupies is automatically \par double tracked.\par \par Each station comes automatically with a Signal Tower attached \par (see How Signals Work, page 89). Additional facilities can be built at \par any station location (see Station Improvements , page 61). An engine \par shop is automatically built at the first station that you build. \par \par PAGE 57\par\par \par PAGE 58\par \par How To Build A Station\par \par Railroad stations are built on the Detail Display. Place the \par Construction Box on the track section square where you want the station. \par Pull down the Build menu and choose "Build Station". A second menu \par appears offering four choices: "Signal Tower ($25,000)", "Depot ($50,000)",\par "Station ($100,000)", or "Terminal ($200,000)". For now, ignore the \par Signal Tower (see Signal Towers, page 90). Choose the station type you \par wish to build and press Selector 1. The icon for the station type you \par chose appears under the Construction Box.\par \par Immediately thereafter a graphic app http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ears describing the station \par you just built. The station is named, and its type is shown with the \par date of construction. In a window is displayed the average yearly \par supply of specific cargos this station can be expected to generate, if \par any, plus a list of cargos that are demanded here.\par \par Stations may only be built on straight track sections, not curves.\par The straight section may end in the square chosen, thereby placing a \par station at the end of the line.\par \par Stations may not be built if their economic radius overlaps the\par radius of a nearby station in any square.\par \par To replace a station with a larger or smaller one, repeat the \par procedure for building a station and place the new station on top of\par the old one. For example, if you have a Depot that you wish to replace\par with a Terminal, center the Construction Box on the Depot and then \par follow the procedure for building a Terminal. The Depot is replaced by \par the Terminal. \par \par Shipping Reports\par \par An operating railroad must be flexible in its ability to reroute \par trains, add or delete trains, and otherwise adjust its service in \par response to changes in the supply and demand of cargos along its system,\par The opening of new coal fields, the burning down of a ferry, or the \par growth of a city's population are the kinds of factors that are \par constantly affecting railroads. A nimble management quickly adjusts \par to increased supply of steel here and decreased demand for livestock \par there by switching livestock trains to steel. Otherwise, trains that \par could earn revenue in one area run mostly empty in another, while\par the maintenance costs pile up. \par\par \par PAGE 58\par\par \par PAGE 59\par \par In Railroad Tycoon you monitor the supply and demand of cargos \par at your station by checking thei http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html r supply and demand reports. When \par you see supplies of cargos to be shipped piling up on one station's \par report, you need to look at your other Station Reports to find places \par to deliver those cargos.\par \par Supply and demand information for your stations is found in two \par places, Shipping Reports, and their cousins, Station Reports discussed \par on page 60. These two reports are available at all times for each \par station on your railroad.\par \par To see a Station's Shipping Report, go to either an Area or Local \par Display of the part of your railroad containing the station. The \par Shipping Report is the window attached to the station icon by a line, \par and is also identified by a three letter abbreviation of the station's \par name.\par \par In addition to the name of the station, you can read the following \par information on the Shipping Report: what cargos are demanded here; \par what cargos are now available here to be shipped, and roughly how \par many cars of each; whether freight rates for deliveries here are \par halved, normal, or doubled; whether a priority shipment is available \par or demanded here (see Priority Shipments, page 85); and a relative \par measure of revenue earned for deliveries to this station.\par \par A short line in a column of the report indicates that that cargo \par is demanded at this station. For example, a line in the first column \par of the second row indicates you can earn revenue for bringing \par passengers here.\par \par One or more train car icons in a column indicates the number of \par carloads of the corresponding cargo now available here to be picked \par up by a train. No more than four car icons appear in a column, \par although more carloads than that may be available.\par \par The border around the window indicates freight rates. There is a \par border color for normal rate, for http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html half rates (only during rate wars, \par see page 109), and double rates (see the Technical Supplement for the \par correct colors). Double rates exist for a new station from its opening \par until the end of the current fiscal period, and for one fiscal period \par after a successful rate war. \par \par PAGE 59\par\par \par PAGE 60\par \par To indicate where you are making money, the bottom of the Shipping \par Report window fills in as revenue is earned for delivering cargos to \par this station. The fill is emptied at the end of the fiscal period.\par \par The freight class cargos for England and Europe are slightly \par different from those in the USA, as shown in the Shipping Reports on \par the Player Aid Cards. \par \par Station Reports\par \par A Station Report provides supply and demand data in a different \par format from the Shipping Report, plus other information as well. Where\par the Shipping Report can show a maximum of four carloads of a cargo \par waiting, the Station Report can show a more accurate account using both \par car icons and actual numbers.\par \par You can call up a Station Report from the Area or Local Displays in \par two ways. If you are using the mouse, place the pointer on the Shipping \par Report and press Selector 1. If you are playing without the mouse, use \par the Direction keys to center the Construction Box over the station and \par press the Information key. \par ' \par From the Detail Display, the Construction Box must be centered on the \par station for the Information key or Selector 1 to call up the Station \par Report. However, when using the mouse, if you position the pointer on \par the station and press Selector 1, the Construction Box moves to the \par station square and then either Selector 1 or the Information key open \par the Station Report. \par \par PAGE 60\par\par \par PAGE 61\par \par St http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ation Improvements\par \par In addition to stations and track, railroads developed a need for\par additional facilities and structures to improve the efficiency of the \par road or bring in additional revenue. Railroads built shops at strategic \par spots along their lines for building and maintaining locomotives and \par rolling stock. Switching yards were required at major junctions and \par stops where trains could be quickly broken up and reassembled. Railroads \par that skimped on these facilities paid high maintenance costs or provided \par unsatisfactory service.\par \par Railroads also found that they could earn money on additional \par services beyond transportation. They built railway hotels near their \par stations, and included restaurants in the stations themselves, such as \par those on the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe run by the Harvey Girls \par (the best food in the west!).\par \par On your railroad you may build similar facilities to keep mainte- \par nance costs under control, store certain cargos to reduce wastage, and \par earn revenue. However, facilities are not cheap and you must carefully \par measure their benefit versus cost. Decide what facilities to add where \par based on the operating needs of your railroad and the traffic passing \par through individual stations. \par \par At each station (but not signal towers) you may build any of the \par following improvements:\par \par Engine Shop .............$100,000 \par Switching Yard ..........$50,000 \par Maintenance Shop ........$25,000 \par Food Storage ............$25,000 \par Livestock Pens ..........$25,000 \par Goods Storage ...........$25,000 \par Post Office .............$100,000 \par Restaurant ..............$25,000 \par Hotel ...................$100,000\par \par New trains may only be started at stations containing an http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html engine \par shop. When you build a new train you are given the choice of which \par of your engine shops to place the locomotive. If you have only one shop, \par the new train must start there. Having more than one engine shop \par makes placing trains on the far reaches of your railroad easier. Engine \par shops also act as maintenance shops. A switching yard reduces the time \par \par PAGE 61\par\par \par PAGE 62\par \par required to change the cars in a train by 75% (see Train Consist, page \par 75). Place switching yards at stations where trains regularly change \par their consists. The more trains you have changing at switching yards, \par the greater the distance your trains can travel in a year.\par \par A maintenance shop reduces the maintenance cost of trains that pass \par through its station in a fiscal period by 75%. Trains that do not \par receive regular maintenance may pay very large maintenance bills \par and erode your railroad's profits. In your role as master of the road, \par your staff informs you which trains are not receiving regular mainte- \par nance each year.\par \par All supplies of cargos that are not picked up eventually waste \par away. In effect they are picked up by some alternative transport. \par Storage facilities prevent this wastage of cargos at the station where \par they are built. Post offices store mail. Food storage warehouses \par store food. Livestock pens store livestock. Goods warehouses store \par manufactured goods. England and Europe have storage for cargos unique \par to their worlds. \par \par Restaurants and hotels earn additional revenue from passengers \par delivered to their stations, with hotels earning two times the revenue \par of a restaurant. Rail travelers need to be fed and often require \par overnight lodging when arriving or departing. Railroads that provide \par these services fill the needs of http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html their customers and earn extra revenue. \par \par You build station improvements from the Detail Display. Center \par the Construction Box over the station to be improved, pull down the \par Build menu, and choose "Improve Station" from the options. From the \par list of improvements that appears, choose the one you wish to place.\par \par At the station you see the improvement being built. Press Selector \par 1 to return to the game.\par \par You may build each facility only once at a station. A facility that \par already exists at the station is shown in parentheses with no cost when \par you pull down the menu and cannot be purchased again.\par \par You receive an engine shop with the first station you build. Its \par cost is automatically subtracted from your cash. \par \par PAGE 62\par\par \par PAGE 63\par \par TRAINS\par \par The Function of a railroad is to transport people and freight from \par one place to another, and this is physically accomplished by trains. \par A train consists of two parts, an engine providing the power for motion \par and the carrying vehicles pulled by the engine. In the United States \par the engines and carrying vehicles are generally known as locomotives \par and cars.\par \par Since the earliest days of railroading there has been a continual \par evolution in the technology of both locomotives and cars. Safety, \par efficiency, and reliability have increased. \par \par For locomotives the evolutionary trend has generally been toward \par higher speed and greater pulling power. In addition, locomotive \par designs were adapted to the role they were to perform and to the \par geography the road ran through. For example, trains operating in \par mountain or plains areas required different gear ratios. Locomotives \par designed for express passenger trains had relatively less pulling power \par but generated hig http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html her speed. Where speed was of less importance, such \par as for bulk cargos like coal, gearing and wheel size emphasized pulling \par power.\par \par In addition, locomotives have evolved from wood burning steam \par engines to coal and oil burning steam engines, diesel-electrics, \par diesel-hydraulics, and electrics.\par \par Cars have gotten larger, but mainly more specialized. The earliest \par cars were horsepulled wagons fitted for use on rails. These evolved \par into specific cars for passengers, livestock, coal, liquids, etc.\par \par The job of the master of the road is to provide suitable locomotives \par and cars for the service the railroad is providing. This mix of\par equipment and rolling stock must be maintained, upgraded when outmoded, \par and adjusted for changing service needs.\par \par In Railroad Tycoon you must continuously monitor the equipment \par and rolling stock needs of your railroad so that the correct cars and \par trains are in operation. As time passes new locomotive designs become \par available for your railroad and correctly matching locomotives to tasks \par improves your road's efficiency. For example, a fast Ten Wheeler \par locomotive pulls a two or three car passenger train much faster than a \par powerful Consolidation locomotive, but the Consolidation pulls a 6 car \par coal train much faster than the Ten Wheeler would.\par \par In addition, you must be sure that the proper cars are available \par when trains arrive in a station to load cargos. A train of passenger \par cars\par \par PAGE 63\par\par \par PAGE 64\par \par is not going to take on a load of oil. You arrange for the correct cars \par to be in the right place by setting the routes of your trains and/or\par changing the cars in an arriving train to provide the desired service. \par Incorrect routing or cars means cargos are not picked up and revenue i http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html s\par lost while the maintenance cost meter is running\par \par Building Trains\par \par You place a new train on your railroad by first building a new \par locomotive and then buying cars to couple to it. In order to build \par a new locomotive, however, you must have previously built at least one\par railroad station. This is necessary because all new trains appear with \par their locomotive at an engine shop, and your first engine shop appears \par automatically with the building of your first station.\par \par When at least one engine shop exists on your road, you may build \par new trains from any Display. To build a new train, pull down the Build \par menu and choose "New Train". This opens the New Train window that \par shows a picture of the locomotive types available, their characteristics, \par and their cost. If you are using the mouse, place the pointer on the\par icon of the locomotive you wish to build and press Selector 1. If you \par don't have a mouse, an Engine menu appears. From this menu choose \par the train you wish to build, or the "None" option if you decide to build \par no locomotive.\par \par If you build a locomotive, another menu appears listing your choices \par of engine shops where the locomotive may be constructed. If you have \par only one engine shop this menu doesn't appear. When necessary, choose \par the location for your new train by selecting the desired option. \par \par Having chosen the location for the new train, you go to the station \par where it was built and watch the new locomotive driving out of the \par engine shop. The engine stops on the left side of the platform ready for \par you to add cars. Choose new cars one by one from the Car menu now \par present. When the train is finished to your satisfaction, choose the "No \par Thanks" option. This opens the Train Report discussed below. \par \par A tr http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ain may include up to 8 cars, of any combination of types. You \par may build a train containing no cars. (They can be added later on the \par Train Report.)\par \par PAGE 64\par\par \par PAGE 65\par \par The Train Roster is a graphic display of the trains currently \par running on your railroad and is placed at the lower right of the display \par windows. When a new train is purchased, it is added to the roster. The \par oldest train on your railroad is at the top of the roster and the newer \par trains are added in order below it. The bottom train on the roster is the \par most recent train added. \par \par Each train occupies one line on the roster, with a locomotive symbol \par at the left of the line and up to eight car symbols to its right. The \par car symbols are the same ones that appear in Shipping Reports. From \par their shape and color you can tell at a glance what type of car each \par represents. In addition, the color of the cars changes slightly \par depending on whether the car is at least 50% full or not.\par \par At the far right of the line is a three letter abbreviation for the \par name of the city that is the train's next destination. In the above \par example, the first train is headed for RIC, the abbreviation for \par Richmond. \par \par A colored line that appears below a train's destination indicates \par the train's relative speed. \par \par PAGE 65\par\par \par PAGE 66\par \par Train Reports \par \par As each new train is built on your railroad, a Train Report is \par created for it. Thereafter, this report is always available for \par consulting.\par \par A Train Report provides in one place the important information \par concerning a train, and also is where changes tn the train's makeup, \par type, and schedule are made. Understanding how this report can be used,\par how you make changes in what your trains are ma http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html de up of and how you \par change what they are doing is a key factor in playing Railroad Tycoon.\par \par A Train Report appears immediately after a train is purchased, and \par thereafter the report for any train on your railroad can be accessed from \par any display.\par \par The train report quickly provides the following detailed information\par about your train.\par \par o Train #: Train 1 is at the top of the Train Roster, number two\par is the second from the top, etc.\par o Name/Class/Type: If this train has been awarded a name, it is\par shown (see Naming Trains, page 68). For trains that are not named\par their freight class and type are shown instead. To change the\par train's type, see Train Types, page 70).\par o Location: The approximate location of the train on your railroad.\par o Locomotive type: The locomotive type pulling the train. If\par you wish to see detailed information about the performance of the\par locomotive on your train pull down the Engine menu and choose\par the option "Engine Info". To change the locomotive on the train\par see Changing\par \par PAGE 66\par\par \par PAGE 67\par \par Locomotives, page 71. To retire a train entirely, see Retiring \par Trains, page 71.\par o Maintenance: The expected maintenance cost of this train per \par fiscal period. \par o Speed: The current speed of your train. \par o Destination/Loading/Unloading: The destination is the name of \par the station to which this train is currently heading. To change \par the destination see Changing Destinations below, page 76. If the \par train is stopped and either loading or unloading, this is noted \par and a destination is not listed. \par o Consist: Graphic icons of the locomotive and car types that \par currently consist this train. To change the train's cons http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ist, see \par Train Consist below, page 75. \par o Cargo: Type or types of cargo on board. \par o Priority Orders: If the train has priority movement orders, they \par are shown here. To give the train priority movement orders, see \par Priority Orders below, page 77. \par o Priority Consist: If the train has priority consist change orders, \par they are shown here. To give the train priority consist orders, \par see Priority Consist below, page 78. \par o Scheduled stops: Each train may have from 2 to 4 scheduled stops and \par they are listed here. To change the train's scheduled stops, see \par Routing Trains below, page 72. \par o Consist Changes: Any consist changes planned at scheduled stops are \par planned here. To change the train's consist at stops, see Train \par Consist below, page 75. \par o Wait Until Full Orders: If the train is to wait at a stop until \par fully loaded, that order is noted in this column. To place or \par remove this order, see Wait Until Full Orders below, page 78. \par o Revenue Earned: This fiscal period to the left, and last fiscal \par period to the right. \par \par To open a Train Report when you don't have a mouse, press the Tab key \par to move the cursor or Construction Box (Detail Display only) into the \par Train Roster window. The flashing cursor appears to the left of the first \par train in the roster. Press the Selector key to open the Train Report for \par this train. To select another train, move the cursor up and down the \par roster with the Direction keys. \par \par PAGE 67\par\par \par PAGE 68\par \par To open a Train Report with the mouse, place the mouse pointer on \par the locomotive of the train that you wish to examine, and press \par Selector 1. Alternatively. you can place the mouse pointer on a \par locomotive on any of the disp http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html lays and press Selector 1. \par \par Naming Trains\par \par Railroads got into the habit of giving their fastest and best known \par scheduled trains distinctive names. Crack named trains gave the public \par a symbol by which to judge the railroad and improved the morale of \par railroad employees. Most names were practical or had some historical \par or geographic significance, but others promised or advertised something \par more than just transportation. Examples of the latter types are the \par Orient Express (adventure), Flying Scotsman (speed), and the 20th\par Century Limited (modernity).\par \par Trains that received names were generally passenger trains, but in \par many cases the faster scheduled freight trains were named as well.\par Trains maintained their names over many years, regardless of changes \par in locomotives and car. The name was applied to a scheduled service,\par such as the New York to Chicago express, not to the specific locomotive\par and cars that made up the train.\par \par In Railroad Tycoon you may have the opportunity to name certain\par of your trains as well, and within the limits of length, you may choose\par any title you think suitable. \par \par The only way you can name a train is if that train succeeds in \par setting a new speed record for service between any two stops on your \par road. If one of your trains sets such a record you may type in the name\par you choose. However, train names cannot exceed a length of 24 letters, \par including spaces. Thereafter, the train's name appears on its Train \par Reports. \par \par The passenger revenue earned by a train is increased by 25% if the \par train is named.\par \par Once a train has been named, the name cannot be changed unless the \par train sets a new speed record. If the train is retired, the name is \par also retired \par \par PAGE 68\par\par \ http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html par PAGE 69\par \par Train Classes\par \par Railroads have to move a number of trains each day over a limited \par area. In order to help arrange these movements, they developed a\par system whereby trains are ranked, or classified. depending on the \par value of their cargos. When two or more trains want to move over the \par same track, the dispatchers controlling movements had a clear set of \par rules by which to determine the order of their movements. Generally, \par the higher classed trains moved first.\par \par In Railroad Tycoon trains are classified as either mail, passenger, \par fast freight, slow freight, or bulk trains, with mail being the highest \par class, bulk being the lowest class, and the others ranked in between.\par Class is determined by the car types in the train. If only one type of\par car is in the train. then the class of that car type sets the class of\par the train. For example, a train made up entirely of coal cars is \par classified as a bulk train. \par \par If more than one type of car is in the train, it is called a mixed \par freight, but its class is determined by the most common car type in the \par train. For example, a train containing a livestock car (fast freight), \par two grain cars (slow freight), and a petroleum car, is a mixed freight \par classified as a slow freight, because the most common car types were \par slow freights.\par \par The class of the train is important when two or more trains are \par attempting to move over the same section of track. In this case the \par highest class train is given clearance by your dispatcher and moves \par first, and then the others move in descending class order.\par \par Understanding and acting upon these relationships can improve \par the operation of your railroad. By keeping car types in trains \par of similar or adjacent classes, you can keep cargos moving at\par ef http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ficient speeds.\par \par As explained later (see How Revenues Vary, page 82), for some\par cargos the time elapsed from pickup to delivery is more important\par than for others. It therefore pays to have similar cargos combined\par into trains and not mix all of the cargo types together.\par \par For speed sensitive cargos such as mail and passengers, it pays\par to place them in smaller faster trains because the increased revenues\par more than pay for the increased cost per ton for the train operations.\par \par For bulk and slow freight cargos that are much less speed \par sensitive, it pays to combine them into longer, slower trains. The\par bulk or slow\par \par PAGE 69\par\par \par PAGE 70\par \par freight revenues are nearly the same whether delivered in several small \par fast trains or one long slow train. However, the long slow train has \par only one locomotive earning the revenue, while moving in several faster \par trains requires investing in several locomotives and crews. \par \par Train Types\par \par An additional method of defining trains was to assign them a type, \par such as local, through, express, or limited. The purpose of these types \par was to separate trains, not by what they were made up of, but by where \par they were intended to stop. By dividing its trains into types, a \par railroad made planning of movements easier, and also advertised to the \par public the various services these trains provided.\par \par In Railroad Tycoon you also may define your trains by type. This \par is useful because the train type determines what stops the train makes, \par if any, in addition to those specifically scheduled.\par \par You may make each of your trains a local, through, express, or \par limited train. The effects of these types are that they stop at \par less stations where they could possibly pick up or deliver cargo. \par \par http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html o Local: Stops at every possible station between scheduled stops.\par o Through: Stops at every possible station between scheduled stops, \par except that it does not stop at Depots. \par o Express: Stops at every possible station between scheduled\par stops, except that it stops only at Terminals between scheduled\par stops, not at Depots or Stations. \par o Limited: Stops only where scheduled.\par \par Regardless of type, a train always stops at those stations scheduled \par for it on its Train Report.\par \par To change the type of a train, open its Train Report, pull down \par Train Type menu, and choose the type you wish the train to be. \par The train's type is changed on the Train Report, and thereafter, \par the train makes stops according to its new type. Note that when a train\par is first built, it is automatically made a local type train and remains\par a local unless you change it.\par \par The advantage to be gained from changing a train's type is that you\par can customize where it does or does not stop. In most cases you are\par raising a train's type to keep it from making unnecessary or unprofitable \par stops.\par \par PAGE 70\par\par \par PAGE 71\par \par For example, a passenger train running from New York to Philadelphia\par could stop at several stations in between, all accepting delivery of \par passengers. But knowing that passenger revenues are higher for fast \par delivery over long distances, you change the type of the train to a\par limited type so that it skips all of the intervening stations.\par \par Your passenger train now receives the revenue for a longer delivery,\par keeps its speed maximized by eliminating stops along the route, and\par remains full. If it made many stops at smaller stations along the way,\par the train would probably not be able to keep fully loaded.\par \par Without this http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html change, passengers may be picked up and delivered in\par several places along the route, slowing down the train's passage \par between the two cities, and probably collecting less revenue because\par the passengers only travel a short distance before being delivered.\par \par Changing Locomotives\par \par As the game continues locomotives age and their maintenance costs begin\par to climb. In addition, new locomotive types are invented that offer\par better service. Every locomotive needs to be replaced at some point,\par either because it is too old or because a newer type can do a much\par better job. When you decide it is time to replace a locomotive, you make\par the change from the Train Report.\par \par To change the locomotive on a train, open the Train Report, pull down\par the Engine menu, and select "Replace Engine". From the list of \par locomotives available that appear, choose the engine you wish to put on\par the train.\par \par The change takes place immediately. The Train Report is updated\par to show the change, and the cost of the new locomotive is subtracted\par from your cash. \par \par Retiring Trains\par \par You may occasionally find that a train is no longer profitable,\par causing congestion on the line and slowing more important trains, or\par otherwise no longer worth maintaining. If you choose to do so, the \par entire train can be removed from your roster.\par \par To remove a train from your railroad, open its Train Report, pull\par down the Engine menu, and choose the "Retire Train" option. The train\par disappears from the roster, its report goes away, and the numbers of\par all trains adjust to reflect the new order in the Train Roster.\par \par PAGE 71\par\par \par PAGE 72\par \par Routing Trains\par \par The routing, or scheduling, of trains is one of the most important\par parts of railroad management. An efficient sche http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html dule insures that cargos\par are picked up and delivered in a timely manner, and that the train\par operation costs for providing service are kept down. A great many extra\par trains insures timely service, but run up costs so much that railroad\par profits shrink.\par \par In practice, the master of the road provides the locomotive and cars\par that the dispatcher requires to meet the demands for service. The \par dispatcher receives requests for service from industry and uses this\par information to plan what trains are required.\par \par Railroads found that by regularly scheduling certain trains, or by\par arranging with important customers to provide service at specific times,\par passengers and shippers could make their plans to ship or receive \par according to the schedule. A regular schedule also made it easier to\par plan the movement of trains, as dispatchers along the line could expect\par certain trains to arrive in their divisions at scheduled times.\par \par In Railroad Tycoon, the scheduling of your trains is also very\par important. By examining the Shipping Records of your stations, you\par learn what cargos are available for shipment, and where those cargos\par can be delivered. Your task is to build trains of the proper cars to\par carry the available cargo, and then rout the train so it moves from\par stations where cargos are supplied to stations where the cargo can\par be delivered.\par \par For example, in our tutorial game both Richmond and Charlottesville\par supply and demand passengers. So, a train of passenger cars can run\par back and forth between these cities picking up passengers at either\par city and delivering them at the other. To do this, you must build a \par train of a locomotive and at least one passenger car, and then route\par the train to run from Charlottesville to Richmond. Having been\par scheduled, this train runs between http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html the two cities forever, or until\par you step in to make changes.\par \par When a new train is built, it is automatically given a route between\par the station at which it was built and another station on your railroad.\par This is shown on the Train Report. You are rarely going to want your\par train to run this exact route, so the route needs to be changed, and this\par is done from the Train Report.\par \par PAGE 72\par\par \par PAGE 73\par \par As an example, assume you are running the Charlottesville & Richmond\par Railroad from the tutorial. You notice that the supply of coal is\par building up at Charlottesville Junction, and that a train could take\par this coal to a Steel Mill in Charlottesville, pick up steel there and\par take it to a factory in Richmond, and pick up manufactured goods there\par for delivery to Charlottesville. You decide to change the route of\par Train #3, now scheduled to run back and forth from Charlottesville \par to Charlottesville Junction.\par \par To change the route of Train #3 using the mouse, open its Train\par Report and place the pointer on the open line below Charlottesville\par in the section marked Scheduled Stops. Press Selector 1, and the\par route diagram for this train opens.\par \par Notice that the current route of this train is marked. The number\par 1 next to Charlottesville Junction notes this station as the first\par station on the route, and the number 2 next to Charlottesville notes\par it as the second stop. Move the mouse pointer directly below the box \par marking the station at Richmond, and the information regarding \par supply and demand there appears to the right.\par \par With the pointer below the Richmond station box, press Selector 1\par to make Richmond stop number 3. Notice that the station box turns\par to the color of scheduled stops, the track into the station turns\par the color of an acti http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ve route, and that the number 3 appears next \par to the station box. Richmond has now been added to this train's\par route as scheduled stop #3. To check\par \par PAGE 73 \par\par \par PAGE 74\par \par this, press Selector 2 which returns you to the Train Report. Notice\par that scheduled stop #3 is indeed listed as Richmond.\par \par Since you want this train to return to Charlottesville from Richmond,\par you have to add Charlottesville to the route again as stop #4. Place\par the mouse pointer on the open line below Richmond in the Scheduled\par Stops section and press Selector 1 to open the route diagram. Move the\par mouse pointer under the box for the Charlottesville station and press\par Selector 1 again. The number 4 appears with the number 2 next to the\par Charlottesville station box, noting that this station is stop #4 as\par well as stop #2.\par \par Return to the Train Report by pressing Selector 2 to be sure the \par four scheduled stops are arranged in order from 1 to 4 as Charlottesville\par Junction, Charlottesville, Richmond, and Charlottesville again.\par \par To change the route of train #3 when playing without a mouse, first\par open the Train Report. Note the highlight box that appears over the\par number of the scheduled stops at the left of the report. This highlight\par box can be moved up and down with the Direction keys. Use a Direction\par key to move the highlight box to the empty row below stop #2,\par Charlottesville.\par \par Now open the Schedule menu at the top of the report, and choose\par the "Change Station" option. Press any one of the Direction keys\par until the station box at Richmond is highlighted. When the Richmond \par box is highlighted, press Selector 1. This returns you to the Train\par Report where Richmond is listed now as stop #3.\par \par Repeat this procedure to select Charlottesville as stop #4.\par \p http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ar As the final step in arranging this route, pull down the Train Type\par menu and choose the "Limited" option. This makes train #3 a Limited\par train and it stops only at stations on its route. This makes no \par difference now, but if more stations are added at a later time, it\par prevents needless or wasteful stops.\par \par Train #2 is now scheduled to run its route between these four \par stations. After it completes its route, reaching Charlottesville\par for the second time coming back from Richmond. It returns to the\par first station on its route and begins the route all over again.\par \par PAGE 74\par\par \par PAGE 75\par \par Train Consist\par \par The number and types of cars that make up a train are called its \par consist. The dispatcher plans the consist of a train to insure that the\par correct types of cars are available to carry waiting cargos. At stops\par along its route a train may change its consist several times as it makes\par pickups and deliveries.\par \par In Railroad Tycoon, you may arrange for regularly scheduled consist\par changes to take place at stops along a train's route so that the train\par contains correct cars for cargo pickups. You can coordinate the \par changes in the train's consist with its scheduled stops, so that the\par train may carry several different types of cargos in one circuit of\par its route. If all the cars needed were put on at the same time, only\par some of the cars would be needed at one time, and the others would\par be just extra weight for the locomotive to pull.\par \par For an example of planning a train's consist changes, return to the\par Train Report for Train #3 of the Charlottesville & Richmond whose \par schedule was just rearranged in the section above.\par \par Train #3 is now scheduled to run to four stops to take advantage\par of several related industries. Coal from Charlottesv http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ille Junction can\par be taken to the steel mill at Charlottesville and converted into steel.\par The steel from Charlottesville can be taken to the factory in Richmond\par and converted into manufactured goods which can be delivered to\par Charlottesville. But the train cannot take advantage of these\par industries if the consist remains one coal car because the coal car\par cannot carry steel or goods.\par \par To change the consist of Train #3 using the mouse, open its Train\par Report. Place the mouse pointer on the line showing "no changes"\par to the right of the scheduled stop Charlottesville Junction under\par the heading "New Consist". Press Selector 1 and choose "Coal Car" from\par the Add Car menu that appears. Note that a coal car icon appears on\par the line where "no changes" was previously showing.\par \par You may also use the mouse to repeat the train's current consist\par from the top of the report in any row of the New Consist area. Place\par the mouse pointer on the row where you want the consist repeated and \par press Selector 2. This is useful if you want to add cars to the \par current consist without rebuilding the entire train.\par \par PAGE 75\par\par \par PAGE 76\par \par To change the consist of Train #3 when playing without the mouse, \par open its Train Report. Note the highlight box at the left hand side of \par the report under Train Orders. Move this highlight box to stop number \par one, Charlottesville Junction by pressing the Direction keys. When the \par box is on the "1", pull down the Consist menu and select Coal Car from \par the options. Since this is the only car making up the consist at this \par station, choose the "No Thanks" option to get back to the report.\par \par The presence of the coal car indicates that the consist orders for \par this train are to remove all other cars on the train when it reaches this \par http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html stop and put on one coal car. Repeat this process and place a steel car\par at the second stop, Charlottesville, and a goods car at the third stop, \par Richmond. Leave the consist at the fourth stop, Charlottesville again, \par unchanged. \par \par You have now arranged the consist changes necessary for Train #3 to \par take advantage of the industry along its route. It is scheduled to \par carry coal from Charlottesville Junction to the steel mill at Charlot- \par tesville. The steel mill uses the coal to make steel and your train puts \par on steel cars there to carry the steel to the factory at Richmond. \par The factory takes the steel and converts it into manufactured goods. \par Your train again changes its consist to a goods car so it can carry the \par goods back to Charlottesville for delivery.\par \par When your train reaches Charlottesville for the second time, it has \par completed its route and returns empty to Charlottesville Junction to \par start the route over. At the start of its route it replaces its goods \par car with a coal car and starts the cycle over again. \par \par Changing Destinations\par \par As you monitor the operations of your trains, you may wish from time \par to time to change slightly the route of a train. This may be useful \par when a bridge is washed out on the route, or because a supply of a cargo \par further down the route has diminished, or for other reasons. By \par changing the destination of the train, you can have it skip a wasteful \par stop or avoid a wreck. \par \par In the Train Orders section of the Train Report, under Scheduled \par Stops, the next city to which the train is moving, its destination, is \par highlighted. You may change this destination to another city on your \par railroad, regardless of whether the new destination is on the train's\par list \par \par PAGE 76\par\par \par PAGE 77\par \par o http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html f scheduled stops or not. To temporarily change the destination to a \par city not on the current route list, see Priority Orders, page 77. \par \par To change your destination to another scheduled stop when playing \par without the mouse, move the highlight box to the city to be the new \par destination. Pull down the Schedule menu and choose the "Go To Station" \par option. The highlight changes from the old destination to the new city, \par marking it as the train's next destination.\par \par To change your destination to another scheduled stop when using \par the mouse, place the mouse pointer on the name of the stop you wish \par to make the new destination for the train and press Selector 2. The \par new station is highlighted, signifying that it is the next destination \par for this train.\par \par Priority Orders\par \par You may find it occasionally useful to have one of your trains \par temporarily change its route to avoid a washed out bridge, to pick up a\par Priority Shipment, or to take advantage of a temporary change in the \par supply or demand of a cargo nearby.\par \par For example, a train that was unable to fill up with coal to take on \par to a steel mill may be rerouted by a Priority Order to another nearby \par city where coal has been sitting unused. By rerouting your train to pick \par up this coal, you fill it with coal more quickly than having it wait at \par its first coal stop until full.\par \par To temporarily change the destination for a train to a city not on its \par list of scheduled stops, you must give it Priority Orders. This change is \par made from the Train Report.\par \par To give a train Priority Orders using the mouse, place the mouse \par pointer on the space below Priority Orders to the right of the "P" \par symbol, and press Selector 1. On the route diagram that appears, move \par the mouse pointer to the stat http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ion box for the city which you wish to be \par the new destination and press Selector 1. A "P" symbol appears next to \par the city you have selected, noting this station as a priority destination. \par Press Selector 2 to return to the Train Report.\par \par To give a train Priority Orders when not using the mouse, use the \par Direction keys to move the highlight box under the "P" symbol below \par Priority Orders. Pull down the Schedule menu and the route diagram \par appears. Use the Direction keys again to highlight the station that you \par \par PAGE 77\par\par \par PAGE 78\par \par wish to be the priority destination, and press Selector 1. This returns \par you to the Train Report.\par \par Back on the Train Report, you see that under Priority Orders the \par new destination is listed, and the bottom part of the Train Orders \par section is screened out. This signifies that the normal train orders \par have been overridden. Once the train reaches its priority destination, \par it returns to its normal route, picking it up where it left off.\par \par Priority Consist\par \par Occasionally during play you may wish to temporarily change the \par consist of a train. This is especially useful when attempting to pick\par up a Priority Shipment, see page 78. This type of change is made from \par the train's Train Report.\par \par To give a train a Priority Consist order when using the mouse, \par move the mouse pointer onto the line below Priority Consist marked \par "no changes", and press Selector 1. This opens the Add Car menu from\par which you may choose a car to be added to the Priority Consist. When \par a car is selected, the menu goes away, but you can call it back by \par placing the pointer on the same line again and pressing Selector 1. \par To delete a car in the Priority Consist, place the pointer on it and \par press Selector 1, and it is rem http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html oved.\par \par To give a train a Priority Consist order when not using the mouse, \par use the Direction keys to move the highlight box onto the 'P' symbol \par to the left of the Train Orders section, and pull down the Consist menu. \par This act automatically clears all of the existing cars, if any were \par present, from the Priority Consist line. Choose from the Add Car \par menu the cars you wish to add to the Priority Consist.\par \par The cars of the Priority Consist are placed on the train at its \par next stop, overriding any previously scheduled consists. The train \par proceeds along its normal route (unless given Priority Orders) and at \par the second station it stops at, its normal consist orders again go into \par effect. \par \par Wait Until Full Orders\par \par For sufficiently large customers, railroads put on unit trains, or \par trains dedicated to the one shipper. A common example are coal trains, \par sent to one mine to load coal and carry this cargo directly to a port\par , steel mill, etc. These trains were not scheduled to arrive and \par depart by timetable as other trains, but were sent to be loaded, and \par then moved \par \par PAGE 78\par\par \par PAGE 79\par \par when loading was complete. In this way the railroad could arrange for \par proper locomotives and crews knowing that they would be moving a full \par train.\par \par In Railroad Tycoon you may also arrange that a train wait to move \par until fully loaded by giving it Wait Until Full Orders. Trains given \par the order do not move until every car in the train is fully loaded or \par until the order is lifted. Using these orders you can improve the \par efficiency of your railroad, especially when the train is to pick up a \par cargo to be converted and carried on to another stop on its route.\par \par For example, consider Train #2 on the Charlott http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html esville & Richmond \par Railroad of the tutorial. This train is scheduled to make four \par stops and change its consist three times. The coal it loads at the \par start of its route is converted to steel which is carried to a factory. \par At the factory the steel is converted to manufactured goods which are \par delivered back to Charlottesville. \par \par As noted later in the section about cargo conversions, the conversion\par process is 100% efficient. If the train starts with 40 tons of coal, \par this converts to 40 tons of steel, and this converts to 40 tons of goods. \par For this reason, it is beneficial to begin with 40 tons of coal, thereby \par guaranteeing full loads at every stop.\par \par For cargos where no conversion is to follow, or where the cargo is \par very speed sensitive, such as mail, waiting until full is less \par valuable or actually wasteful. \par \par To order a train to wait at a stop until fully loaded, open its Train \par Report. When using the mouse, place the pointer in the space between \par the stop number and the name of the stop under Scheduled Stops and \par press Selector 1. Use the same procedure to remove wait orders from \par a train that is already waiting.\par \par When playing without the mouse, use the Direction keys to highlight \par the number to the left of the stop where you wish the train to wait. \par Pull down the Schedule menu and choose the option "Wait" to order a \par train to wait until full, or choose the option "Don't Wait" if the train \par is already waiting and you wish that it no longer do so. \par \par PAGE 79\par\par \par PAGE 80\par \par A "W" appears to the right of the stop number signifying that the \par train is ordered to wait until full at this stop. \par \par Train Wrecks\par \par The accidental wrecking of trains has been a part of railroading \par from its start. The severity of http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html accidents ranged from commonplace \par derailments to spectacular head-on collisions. Wrecks resulted from \par mechanical failure and bad weather, but more often from human error. \par \par The negative effects of a major wreck included not only the possible \par loss of passengers, crew, cargo, and equipment destroyed, but also a \par drop in demand for the railroad's services. Passengers and shippers \par looked to alternative railroads or transport rather than risk the trains \par of a demonstrably incompetent railroad.\par \par In Railroad Tycoon you can suffer train wrecks due to washed out \par bridges or to collisions. Trains that cannot be halted or rerouted in \par time plunge off of washed out bridges. When you override block signals, \par you run the risk of letting too many trains into a block and causing a \par collision.\par \par If one of your trains goes over a washed out bridge or two or more \par of your trains collide, the result is a train wreck. When a train wrecks, \par the locomotive, cars, and cargos that make it up are destroyed and \par removed from your railroad. You receive no compensation. \par \par In addition, all cargos of the same type as those lost on your train\par immediately disappear from every other train on your railroad. Shippers \par have their cargos taken off your trains immediately.\par \par Also, all supply of these same cargos disappears from the stations\par on your railroad, as shippers find other ways of moving their goods. \par \par Eventually calm is restored and the cargos once more become available, \par assuming you suffer no more wrecks.\par \par PAGE 80\par\par \par PAGE 81\par \par REVENUE AND CARGOS\par \par Railroad revenue comes from two main sources, passenger fares and\par freight charges. A passenger boarding a train in Chicago pays a fare \par for being conveyed to Detroit. A http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html steel mill in Pittsburgh pays a \par freight charge for delivery of a load of coal from Scranton.\par \par In these examples the railroad is responding to the supply and \par demand for passengers and coal. The passenger in Chicago represents \par a supply of passengers there. The coal piled up in Scranton also \par represents a supply, this time of coal. The desire of the passenger \par to go to Detroit represents the demand for passengers in Detroit, just\par as the mill's desire for coal represents demand for coal in Pittsburgh.\par \par Since steel mills in Railroad Tycoon also demand coal, a steel mill \par within the radius of a Pittsburgh station on your railroad would be \par represented by the demand at that station for coal. If your railroad \par has track connections to a station near Scranton that has a coal mine \par within its radius, you can make money by having a train take coal cars \par to the Scranton station, load coal, and then deliver it to the Pittsburgh \par station. \par \par The key is a good start and profitable existence in Railroad Tycoon \par is understanding the relationships between the industries that create \par the supply and demand for cargo, the stations that act as shipping and \par receiving points for industry, and the revenue you earn by having trains \par carry cargos from stations that are shipping to those that are receiving. \par \par Earning Revenue\par \par Revenue is earned by loading your trains at a station that is a supply \par source for a cargo and then routing the loaded train to a station that \par has demand for that cargo. When a train stops at a station to make a \par delivery, several things take place to mark the event.\par \par First, in the World View window at the top right of your screen, an \par announcement appears describing the train's arrival. The announcement \par lists the time of the arriva http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html l, the train's type and number, the name of \par the station, the cargos delivered, and the revenue received.\par \par Second, when the cargo is delivered, the car icons on the Train \par Roster switch from loaded to unloaded.\par \par Third, your cash balance shown in the bottom of the Information \par window increases by the revenue received.\par \par And fourth, the bottom of the Shipping Report fills in green \par proportionally to the revenue earned. \par \par PAGE 81\par\par \par PAGE 82\par \par How Revenues Vary\par \par Some cargos are more valuable to railroads than others because \par some customers are willing to pay higher fees for faster service. For\par this reason railroads develop a hierarchy of trains offering different \par services and customers can select the type of service that suits them \par best.\par \par In general, mail, passengers, and express packages attract the \par highest fares because they are given the best service. The fastest\par freight trains earn slightly lower fees for speedy delivery of \par important cargos such as perishable foods. Bulk cargos such as coal \par have the lowest rates but are still profitable because railroads can \par efficiently carry them in huge quantities.\par \par On your railroad you can arrange some differentiation of service\par to improve profitability by making up trains of the same or neighboring \par freight classes, by carefully setting train types and routes, and by \par understanding how freight rates are determined.\par \par The revenue earned for delivering cargos can vary between stations\par (see Shipping Reports, page 58), cargo classes, worlds, and over \par time. For the Western United States, revenues are higher than normal\par for east-west deliveries and lower than normal for north-south \par deliveries. The other worlds use the normal rate structure. Over time, \p http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ar freight rates tend to fall. To compensate, you must run bigger, faster, \par and for greater distance trains.\par \par The revenue for mail is most sensitive to time and distance. The\par faster it is delivered once picked up and the farther it is carried,\par the higher the revenue per ton. Passengers are less sensitive to time \par and distance, fast freight is even less sensitive, and so on down to bulk \par cargos that are insensitive to time and distance. It doesn't matter how \par far you carry bulk cargos or how fast. You are paid a strict fee by the\par ton. \par \par Cargo Types\par \par The economies of the United States, England, and Europe are each \par represented by 11 cargos that can be carried by railroads. Some cargos\par are unique to one world, and some are available in all three. The 11 \par cargo types are separated into 5 freight classes, each with a distinctive\par color as described in the Technical Supplement: mail, passengers, fast \par freight, slow freight, and bulk. \par \par PAGE 82\par\par \par PAGE 83\par \par The cargo class determines the revenue earned for delivery (as \par explained in the section above), how long it takes to load or unload a \par car, the weight of a full car, and the weight of an empty car. Mail \par class cars take the least time to load or unload, then passenger cars, \par etc., down to bulk cars that take the longest time. Mail cars are the \par heaviest when empty, then passenger cars, down to bulk cars that are the \par lightest car type when empty. Conversely, bulk cars are the heaviest \par when full, then slow freight, up to mail cars that are the lightest when \par full.\par \par By being aware of these differences in cargo types when loading, \par riding empty, etc., you can improve the efficiency of your railroad by \par carefully arranging the makeup of your trains. For example, a train \ http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html par made up entirely of mail cars or mail and passenger cars, loads and \par unloads much faster than the same train if a slow freight car is also\par in the consist. Thus a mail train moves faster.\par \par The supply and demand for cargos is derived from cities, villages, \par and industries as shown on the World Economies Chart found on the \par Player Aid Card. Be aware, however, that it takes more than one village \par by itself to have any significant effect. The aggregate of supply and \par demand from several villages is needed to make rail service worth- \par while. \par \par Resource Map\par \par To help you see where cargos are supplied and in demand, you can \par convert the Local Display into a Resource Map. When you do this, the \par geography of the map is removed, and new one-letter symbols appear \par to mark sources of cargo supply and demand. You can call up this \par Resource Map while planning and see at a glance the economic situation \par in your vicinity.\par \par To access the Resource Map, center the Area or Local Display \par over the part of the map that you wish to examine and pull down the \par Display menu. Choose "Options" from this menu. From the Options \par menu, choose "Resource Map", and a check mark appears next to that \par option. The check mark indicates that the Resource Map is now taking \par the place of the normal Area and Local Displays. Press any Selector to \par make the display change to the Resource Map. \par \par PAGE 83\par\par \par PAGE 84\par \par The letter symbols that appear on the map indicate a source of \par supply for a cargo at the symbol's location. For example "C" indicates \par a source of coal which must be a coal mine.\par \par A letter symbol on a square background indicates a source of demand \par for a cargo. For example, a "W" on a square background indicates a \par source of demand http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html for wood, most likely a paper mill.\par \par If the Shipping Reports of your stations are blocking your review \par of the map, you can turn them off from Option menu as well. When the \par Shipping Reports are visible their menu option is checked. Choose \par "Shipping Reports" from the menu to turn off the check mark, and this \par makes them disappear from the display.\par \par To put the Resource Map away and return to the normal map displays, \par reverse the procedure for accessing the Resource Map and remove the check \par mark from the Option menu. \par \par Cargo Conversions\par \par Certain industries developed a special relationship with railroads \par because raw materials brought to them by rail were converted into \par products that were in turn shipped out by rail. For example, cattle \par brought by train to packing plants was converted to frozen or canned \par meats and then shipped by rail to markets. In this case an important \par rail cargo, processed meat, does not exist as a naturally found resource.\par \par In each world of Railroad Tycoon there are a number of cargos that \par come into being only after the conversion of another cargo at an \par industry. These types of cargos can offer special opportunities for \par revenues because the same cargo can be carried several times. \par \par PAGE 84\par\par \par PAGE 85\par \par As shown on the World Economies Chart found on the Player Aid Cards, \par some industries demand one cargo and then convert it to another that \par they now supply. For example, a carload of coal brought to a station \par that serves a steel mill is converted into a carload of steel. A \par carload supply of steel is then available at the station. This steel \par could then be taken to a factory's station, converted to manufactured \par goods, and then carried finally to a station demanding goods. In this \par http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html case, one carload of coal is converted into two successive carloads, \par each earning revenue. \par \par Priority Shipments\par \par The majority of railroad trains are run according to timetables. In \par this way the railroad can schedule its stops and equipment needs for \par efficiency, and its customers can confidently make travel and shipping \par plans. However, railroads are often requested to provide special trains\par for excursions, emergency shipments, etc. These special trains are \par usually quite profitable because the railroad would not disrupt its \par normal service to accommodate the specials if they weren't.\par \par Occasionally during play your railroad can receive requests_for \par delivery of Priority Shipments. When delivered quickly they can be \par very lucrative, but at other times the pickup and delivery points are \par placed such that the disruption to your regular service may be too great. \par When a priority shipment appears, take a few moments to decide whether \par the delivery is worth your trouble.\par \par You are notified by a message window when a Priority Shipment becomes \par available. The message tells you the cargo type to be delivered, where \par it must be picked up, and where it is to be delivered.\par \par In addition, a letter P appears in the Shipping Report of the station \par where the shipment is waiting, and a letter D appears in the report of \par the destination station. The color of these letters corresponds to the \par color of the freight class of the shipment. For example, if the shipment \par is food, classified fast freight, the letters are the color of fast \par freight, as described in the Technical Supplement. \par \par When a Priority Shipment appears, the fee for delivering it also \par appears in the bottom of the Train Roster window. The amount shown \par is what your railroad would e http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html arn for delivery at that instant. \par Unfortunately, that fee continually shrinks in size as time passes, \par but many \par \par PAGE 85\par\par \par PAGE 86\par \par are so large as to be quite substantial even after much time has passed.\par If the delivery fee reaches $20,000 the shipment is cancelled and all \par further references to it are removed.\par \par In order to pick up a Priority Shipment, a train containing a car \par capable of carrying the priority cargo must be routed to the station \par where it is waiting. When the train stops, the Priority Shipment is \par loaded on board. The color of this train's locomotive icon on the Train\par Roster changes, to indicate the shipment is on board. Note that every \par train containing the correct type car that stops at this station picks up\par the shipment, not just the first.\par \par Priority Shipments may be handed on to other trains. Whenever a \par train carrying the shipment stops at another station, it "stocks" that \par station with the shipment. Thereafter, any train containing the correct \par type car and stopping at this "stocked" station, also picks up the \par shipment. \par \par Building Industry\par \par Recognizing the long run benefit to themselves and the economic region \par they served, railroads often took steps to encourage industry along \par their system. \par \par You may find at times that your railroad could substantially benefit \par from new industry in the right area, such as placement of a steel mill \par near a large coal area, or a food processing plant near a grain area. A \par judicious investment such as these, or the provision of a missing link\par for a chain of cargo converting industries could provide a handsome\par return.\par \par As an alternative to waiting for industries to grow along your \par railroad, you may speed the natural process by attempti http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ng to invest \par in specific industries. You may try this at any time. The industries \par that may be built in each world are shown on the World Economies \par Chart, found on the Player Aid Cards. \par \par To build a new industry, go the Detail Display. Center the \par Construction Box in the area where you want the Industry to appear \par and pull down the Build menu. This menu lists the industries available \par to be built. Choose the Industry you desire. If a suitable site \par was found in the area, the industry is built and the Construction Box \par moves to the site to point it out. If no suitable site is available, \par you are informed that the industry can not be built. \par \par PAGE 86\par \par PAGE 87\par \par The search for a suitable site is carried out by your engineers. \par You cannot choose the square you desire. If a suitable site cannot \par be found within 3 squares of where you placed the Construction Box, \par the investment does not take place. In this case you may elect to \par move the Construction Box to another location and try again.\par \par As with other industries in the game, ones you build may also go \par out of business or change type. \par \par PAGE 87\par\par \par PAGE 88\par \par OPERATING TRAINS\par \par The operation of a train is in the hands of two people, the locomotive\par engineer who sets the train's speed, and a dispatcher who determines \par when and where the train moves.\par \par Railroad locomotives only move straight ahead or in reverse, they \par have no steering wheel. The engineer, sitting in the locomotive's cab\par and watching the track ahead, uses the throttle to adjust the train's \par speed to reach points along the line as scheduled. He assumes that \par the track ahead are correctly arranged to guide the train to its proper\par destination.\par \par In Railroad Tycoon, all of your http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html engineers drive like Casey Jones on\par a good day. When the tracks are clear, they open the throttles wide on\par your locomotives and make the best possible time. \par \par The dispatcher's job is to be sure that the orders given the engineer \par before the train pulls out put his train at the right place at the time, \par that the tracks are properly arranged as needed, and that the movement \par of all trains is accomplished safely.\par \par You perform the first two functions of the dispatcher on your \par railroad (scheduling and switching) on the Train Report. When you set \par a train's route on the Train Report, the division dispatchers on your\par road schedule departures and arrivals, and arrange for the necessary \par track switching. \par \par The third function of the dispatcher, providing safe operation, is\par more complicated. The safe movement of trains is controlled by the \par dispatcher on a large schematic diagram of the railroad. The location \par of each running train is continually updated on the board. The entire\par road is divided into blocks, and the movement of trains into blocks \par is controlled by signals, like traffic lights. A train is not allowed\par into a block until trains ahead of it are out of the block, thus \par preventing the chance of collision.\par \par On your railroad, safety is assured by signals that are automatically \par set up when stations are built. However, relying on these signals \par alone may result in very conservative, inefficient operation. In your \par role as construction engineer and dispatcher, you may improve the \par efficiency of your road for minimum cost by selective placement of \par additional signals and double tracks. You may also step into the \par management of individual trains by pausing them or opening blocks \par that would normally be closed. \par \par PAGE 88\par\par \par PAGE http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html 89\par \par How Signals Work\par \par The rules for signals apply only when the reality option "Dispatcher \par Operations" is in effect.\par \par Each station or signal tower on your railroad comes equipped with \par a set of track signals, one signal on each side of the track that passes \par through the station. These signals control the movement of trains past \par them in either direction. A Go signal allows an approaching train to \par pass, while a Stop signal stops it. Refer to the Signals Chart on the \par Player Aid Card for a description of Go and Stop signals.\par \par All of the track stretching from one signal to the next along the \par line is considered a block of track. Only one train at a time is \par allowed in a block of single track. When a train enters a block of\par single track, the signals at both ends of the block turn to Stop \par preventing any more trains from entering. When the train reaches the \par end of the block, the signals at both ends turn to Go and once again \par allow entry. \par \par Note that the boundaries of a block are set by the placement of \par signals. In cases where tracks split at a switch, the tracks that \par continue on from the switch remain part of the original block unless \par a signal is placed after the switch. \par \par For example, assume your railroad lays track between Richmond and \par Charlottesville. You then place a switch between these two and run \par another track section north to Washington, D.C. If you don't add any \par more signals, all of the track between the three cities exists as one \par block, and only one train can normally run on all of this track at a\par time. \par \par PAGE 89 \par\par \par PAGE 90\par \par By placing another signal just past the switch on the way to \par Washington, you separate the old block into two blocks, one that runs \par between Richmond and C http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html harlottesville, and one that runs between the \par switch and Washington.\par \par If all of the track in a block is double track, the signal system \par allows two trains at a time to be in the block, regardless of their \par relative position.\par \par Every set of signals on your railroad comes with a signalman in\par a tower. If a train approaches a tower and the block ahead is empty, \par the signal is set to Go. When the train enters the block, the signalman \par telegraphs the dispatcher and the dispatcher marks the train in the \par new block on his board. The dispatcher telegraphs the signalman and \par his counterpart at the other end of the block to close the block. Both \par signalmen set their block signals to Stop and no further trains are \par allowed in. When the train inside reaches the other end of the block,\par the signalman at that end telegraphs the dispatcher, and he gives the \par okay to reopen the block. \par \par Recognizing what track constitutes a block can become complicated \par when tracks begin branching out. Signals do not come with switches. \par All track that extends off of your mainline from a switch remains part \par of your mainline block unless you add a signal tower to the branch to \par separate it. \par \par Signal Towers\par \par A block that separates two stations a great distance apart may be \par so long that trains are running very inefficiently between them. While \par one train is traveling across the block, the second is sitting at a Stop \par signal at one end. \par \par One thing you can do to speed the relative movement of trains in this \par situation is divide the big block into smaller blocks by adding signal \par towers along the line. The mathematics of calculus say that the more \par blocks you divide the big block into, the faster two or more trains can \par move between the ends of the original http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html block. But signal towers are \par expensive. You must find an economical compromise between the number of \par towers to add and the increase in train speed that would follow, versus \par the cost of the those towers. \par \par PAGE 90\par\par \par PAGE 91\par \par To build a signal tower, go to the Detail Display and place the \par Construction Box on the track section where you want the tower to \par appear. Pull down the Build menu, choose the option "Build Station", \par and then choose the option "Signal Tower" from the menu of station \par choices. The new tower appears within the Construction Box on the \par display and the signals immediately begin affecting the movement of \par trains.\par \par A signal tower consists of a set of signals and a section of double \par track. An unlimited number of trains may wait adjacent to a signal with \par no risk of collision.\par \par Signal towers cost $25,000 and may only be built on existing \par straight track sections. They may not be built on curved, switch, \par bridge, or tunnel sections. \par \par Overriding A Block Signal\par \par The dispatchers on your railroad never make mistakes, but they are \par also very conservative. There may be times on your railroad when more\par liberal train operations can result in faster, yet safe, service. In \par your role as chief dispatcher, you may open blocks that are normally \par closed to get stopped trains moving. This action is useful when a fast \par train is already in a block and a slower train is waiting stopped behind \par it, or when one train is inside a complicated block of switching tracks \par and a train that is waiting has a route that doesn't interfere with the \par moving train.\par \par You may override a signal from any display except the Regional \par Display. On the Detail Display, the Construction Box must be centered \par on the signa http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html l you plan to change.\par \par If you are using the mouse, place the pointer on the signal you \par wish to override and press Selector 1. A Signal window opens showing \par the track, tower/station, and the two signals, one in each direction. \par The two signals are at either end of the building and control the blocks \par that they are adjacent to. Inside the Signal window, place the mouse \par pointer on the signal you wish to override and again press Selector 1. \par \par To override a signal when you don't have a mouse, place the cursor \par on it and press the Signal key. This opens a widow that requests that \par you indicate the direction of the signal you wish to change. Press the \par Direction key that corresponds to the direction of signal. For example, \par if the signal you wish to change is on the west- \par \par PAGE 91\par\par \par PAGE 92\par \par bound side of a station placed on a straight track running east to west,\par you would press the due west Direction key to override that signal. \par \par In both cases, another menu opens offering you the choices "Normal",\par "Hold", or "Proceed".\par \par Choosing "Normal" restores normal signal operation: stop if the block \par is full, go if the block is empty. \par \par You may override existing signals with either menu choices "Hold" \par or "Proceed". How these overrides are graphically displayed is shown \par on the Signal Override Chart in the Technical Supplement.\par \par A signal overridden with "Hold" stops all trains until the signal \par is overridden again back to "Normal" operation.\par \par A signal overridden with "Proceed" allows the next train through,\par but then automatically returns to normal operation.\par \par The menu choice "Normal" returns a currently overridden signal \par back to normal operation. \par \par Pausing Trains\par \par Railroads find i http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html t desirable on occasion to hold up the movement of \par a train. A train could be held to prevent an accident or to allow a \par following train to pass. \par \par On your railroad you may also find it desirable to temporarily halt \par a train. In addition to the above reasons, you may wish for a train to \par wait outside a station until a supply of cargo has built up for the \par train to carry away. \par \par You may pause a train by either changing the signal that it is \par approaching (as explained in the section immediately above. Overriding \par Signals), or by ordering the train itself to pause. Changing a signal \par to "Hold", however, stops all trains that reach this signal. Pausing \par an individual train stops it alone.\par \par You pause an individual train from the Train Roster.\par \par If using the mouse, move the mouse pointer to the line below the \par train you wish to pause, and press Selector 2. The line below the train \par changes color or pattern to indicate that the train is ordered to pause.\par \par If you don't have a mouse, use the Tab key and Direction keys to \par move the cursor next to the locomotive of the train you wish to pause\par and press the Hold key.\par \par PAGE 92\par\par \par PAGE 93\par \par The change in the line below the train indicates that this train is \par going to stop moving at the next signal it reaches and move no farther \par until you remove the pause order.\par \par To remove the pause order with either the mouse or keyboard, \par repeat the procedure for pausing. The line reverts to its normal \par appearance and the train resumes normal operation. \par \par No Collisions Mode\par \par When you are first learning to play Railroad Tycoon, it may be \par useful to play without having to worry about signals and collisions. \par This may allow you to concentrate on learning other aspe http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html cts of the \par game.\par \par To play without the possibility of collisions and be able to ignore \par the system of blocks and signals, choose the "No Collision" option \par when you are setting the parameters of your railroad. \par \par The effects of the No Collision Mode are that trains can never \par wreck. Even though the signal system does not work, trains do not \par collide. When two trains meet or pass each other, the lower class train \par pulls over to a siding and halts. This is handled automatically by your \par dispatchers and you don't have to make any preparations. When the \par higher class train has passed, the halted train gradually begins \par moving again. A disadvantage to this mode is that a low class train \par may be halted many times when trying to complete its route.\par \par PAGE 93\par\par \par PAGE 95\par \par 4. THE RAILROAD BUSINESS\par \par RAILROAD CAPITALIZATION\par \par Railroads were one of the great capital enterprises of the industrial \par age, requiring huge investments in the global construction projects that\par they became. Before the first train could run, costly and extensive \par preparation was required: miles of roadbed prepared, bridges built \par where necessary, rails purchased and laid down, minimum station \par facilities built, locomotives and rolling stock made ready. \par \par The money that made railroads possible came from several sources, \par including investors subscribing to stock shares and thereby becoming \par partial owners of the enterprise, investors buying long term bonds, \par short term bank loans, and profits generated by the railroad once \par operations started.\par \par When a new game of Railroad Tycoon begins, you have already \par sold part of the public on your dream and attracted investors who have \par bought enough of your stock and bonds to give you a start. As play \par c http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ontinues you may have the opportunity to sell additional stock, borrow \par more money, buy back stock into the treasury, and buy back bonds. \par \par Initial Capital\par \par The initial capitalization of your railroad is $1,000,000, $5000,000\par obtained from selling bonds and $500,000 obtained from investors who \par have bought 100,000 shares of your stock at $5 per share. This is\par the money you begin your railroad with. \par \par Additional Stock\par \par As time passes and your railroad grows, new stock, in addition to \par the 100,000 outstanding at the start, may come into existence in two \par ways: new stock issues or stock splits.\par \par New stock may be issued only when you build a station into a new \par city. As a bonus for the new railroad connection, the local city \par leaders may offer to buy 10,000 new shares from you at the current \par market \par \par PAGE 95\par\par \par PAGE 96\par \par price. If this occurs, you have the option of making the or not. \par Choose the option you wish from the menu that appears. The stock \par sold consists of newly authorized and registered shares that previously \par did not exist. The sale increases the outstanding shares in the \par public's hands by 10,000.\par \par A 2 : 1 stock split occurs at the end of any fiscal period in which \par your stock price reaches $100 per share or higher. At the beginning \par of the next year, the number of shares is doubled and the price of the\par new shares is halved from the price of the old. For example, if the \par price at the end of the year of 140,000 shares is calculated to be \par $110, the stock splits resulting in 280,000 shares priced at $55 per \par share.\par \par Stockholder Happiness\par \par Regardless of the fact that the railroad you are running is your \par dream and that your decisions have made it the great enterprise that \p http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ar it is, you nevertheless work for the stockholders and they are a cynical\par bunch. Your stockholders are only happy if the stock price is higher\par than last year and headed higher. If the stock price doesn't increase \par they become unhappy, and they can become quite angry if by some \par shocking circumstance the stock price should actually fall.\par \par You retain office as president of your railroad so long as the \par stockholders are at least content with the job you are doing. Their \par happiness is measured at the end of each fiscal period when the \par stockholders calculate their return on investment (ROI) averaged over \par the last 5 years. The higher this number, the happier they are. \par If for several periods in a row this number doesn't increase, or \par actually decreases, the stockholders become progressively angrier.\par \par If stockholder patience runs out, they may throw you out of office\par and replace you as railroad president. You are forcibly retired and \par your management of the railroad ends. However, if at least 50% of\par your railroad's stock is in the treasury, you cannot be fired.\par \par Bonds\par \par Your railroad starts with an outstanding 4% bond of $500,000. \par Further bonds are sold and bought back in $500,000 increments.\par \par Each bond sold has an annual interest rate which is subtracted \par from your railroad's cash at the end of every December. The interest \par rate on any new bond you wish to sell depends on the economy and \par the number of bonds you have outstanding as in the table below. \par \par PAGE 96\par\par \par PAGE 97\par \par Once the current interest rate reaches 9%, you may not sell any \par further bonds, regardless of how many you already have outstanding \par or the current state of the economy. If the economy improves and \par Economic interest rates fall, you may sell furt http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html her bonds until\par the rate reaches 9% again.\par \par Bond rates are lower in the Western USA due to government subsidies.\par \par To sell bonds or buy them back, call your broker.\par \par Interest Rate Table\par \par INTEREST RATES\par Number Of Bonds Outstanding\par Economic\par Climate 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7\par \par Boom 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% X\par Moderation 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% X X\par Normal 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% X X X\par Recession 5% 6% 7% 8% X X X X\par Panic 6% 7% 8% X X X X X\par\par \par Notes: Interest rate percentages are the rate you will pay another\par bond, depending on the current economic climate and the number of\par bonds you have outstanding. X = no bond sales possible.\par \par Calling Your Broker\par \par To conduct most financial transactions involving stocks and bonds, \par you call your broker to get access to the financial activity menus. \par Pull down the Action menu and choose the option "Call Broker". This \par opens the Financial Summaries window. From here you can obtain certain \par financial information about your railroad and your competitors, sell or \par buy back bonds, buy and sell treasury stock, buy and sell competing \par railroad stock (Stock Market Takeovers, page 111), and operate competing \par railroads (see Controlling Other Railroads, page 112).\par \par To sell or buy back a bond, pull down the Cash menu. If you choose \par the option "Sell $500,000 Bond", that amount of money is added to your \par cash and to the size of your bonds. Choosing the option "Buy Back \par $500,000 Bond" subtracts that amount from your cash and bonds.\par \par To buy stock in your railroad and put it in your treasury, pull \par down the Buy Stock menu a http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html nd choose the option "Buy Treasury Stock".\par The cost of the stock is subtracted from your cash and 10,000 \par shares are added to your treasury. Treasury stock is sold in the same \par manner as it is bought, except from the Sell Stock menu. Note that you \par cannot buy treasury stock if the public doesn't own any, and that you \par cannot sell treasury stock if there isn't any in the treasury.\par \par The price of stock is determined by normal buying and selling on the \par stock market. When a very large order to buy or sell is placed, the \par price\par \par PAGE 97\par\par \par PAGE 98\par \par is forced up or down in order to find enough sellers or buyers on the\par other side to complete the transaction. \par \par All stock transactions in Railroad Tycoon are extraordinary orders \par involving relatively large amounts of the outstanding shares. For this\par reason, expect to actually pay 10% more than the quoted price when\par buying, and receive 10% less than the quoted price when selling. \par \par Short Term Loans\par \par During play you may spend more money than you have. When you engage \par in deficit spending, the color of your current cash ln the display \par window changes color. If at the end of a year you have a negative\par cash position, you are charged 12% on the negative balance.\par \par Declaring Bankruptcy\par \par Like any business, railroads can get so deeply in debt that\par protection from debtors and court supervised reorganization is the \par only alternative to utter ruin. The normal result of a bankruptcy\par is that the previous owners (stockholders) are wiped out, the bonds \par outstanding are reduced to a manageable level, and the remaining \par lenders receive new stock in exchange for their money that was lost. \par If the business returns to health, the rising stock price may someday \par equal or exceed the money http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html lost when part of the bankrupt company's bonds \par were converted to stock.\par \par If economic conditions, accidents, and other circumstances work\par against your railroad to the extent that it appears headed for ruin, you\par have the option of declaring bankruptcy at any time. This step can \par partially relieve your debt burden and perhaps get your railroad back \par on its feet. There may be times when it's good defensive strategy as \par well.\par \par To declare bankruptcy, call your broker, pull down the Cash \par menu, and choose the option "Declare Bankruptcy". All bonds that\par can be repaid from your cash are paid off, half of your outstanding \par bonds are eliminated (rounded down), all of your treasury stock is\par eliminated, all of your stock held by competing railroads is eliminated,\par and the public is left with 100,000 shares.\par \par After declaring bankruptcy, you may not lay any more track until \par your cash balance is positive and all remaining bonds have been repaid.\par \par PAGE 98\par\par \par PAGE 99\par \par FINANCIAL REPORTS\par \par As your game of Railroad Tycoon continues you may call up a number of \par different financial reports to examine the process of your railroad. \par The reports that are available are a Balance Sheet, an Income Report, \par a Train Income Report, and a Stock Price Graph. All of these reports \par are available during play. From any display, pull down the Reports \par menu and choose from the list the report you wish to see. \par \par Balance Sheet\par \par BALANCE SHEET: 1832\par Charlottesville & Richmond RR\par \par Assets: Lifetime Year to Date Changes\par Operating Funds: $ 418,000 $ 130,000\par Treasury Stock: $ 360,000 $ 90,000\par Other RR Stock: $ 170,000 $ 40,000 http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html \par Facilities: $ 100,000 $ 0,000\par Industries: $ 0,000 $ 0,000\par Real Estate: $ 127,000 $ 0,000\par Track: 42 miles $ 126,000 $ 0,000\par Rolling stock: $ 26,000 $ 4,000\par ----------\par $1,330,000\par Liabilities:\par Outstanding Loans: $ 500,000 $ 0,000\par Stocking Equity: $ 500,000 $ 0,000\par \par PROFIT: $ 300,000 YTD: $ 260,000\par \par Stock Price\par \par \par The Balance Sheet compares the value of the assets and liabilities\par of your railroad and shows whether you have made a profit or loss during \par its existence. The figures are presented in two columns, the right \par hand side for the year to date, and the left hand side for the lifetime \par total of the railroad up to this moment.\par \par Liabilities, expenditures, or losses are indicated by figures in a\par specific color on screen (see the Technical Insert), or with a (-) sign\par in documentation illustrations. Figures in normal color indicate income \par gains, positive value of assets, increases in value of assets, and profits.\par \par Operating Funds is the cash you now have on hand. \par \par Stock assets are the value of your treasury stock and the stock \par of other railroads that you own. This value is a liquidation value,\par or what you could expect to get for it if you tried to sell it all right \par now. Because each buy or sell order tends to raise or reduce the price \par by 10%, the listed value is substantially lower than just the number of\par shares you own times the current price. \par \par PAGE 99\par\par \par PAGE 100\par \par Facilities include all of your stations, signal towers, and station \par improvements, valued at their purchase cost.\ http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html par \par Industries include any steel mills, factories, or other industrial\par sites that your railroad has purchased, also valued at purchase cost. \par \par Real estate is the value of the right-of-way that you have purchased \par when laying track, and does not include buildings which are listed \par under facilities.\par \par Track is the value of track you have laid, listed at what it would \par cost if laid during a Normal economic climate.\par \par Rolling stock is the value of locomotives and cars you own at their \par purchase cost.\par \par Note that most assets are valued at what they cost. For example, \par in the illustration above the C&R railroad has purchased 3 stations for \par $100,000 each, and they are listed as assets under Facilities as worth \par $300,000 in total. Real estate is an exception, in that it generally\par increases in value. Stock, both treasury and in other railroads, can \par fluctuate in value. \par \par In the year to date column is shown any changes in the value of \par assets during the ongoing fiscal period. The statement above shows \par that so far this period $132,000 in cash has been generated, treasury \par stock has increased in value by $90,000 and other railroad stock owned \par has increased by $40,000. A negative number appears in the rolling \par stock row for the current year if you eliminate cars from your trains, \par or replace or retire locomotives.\par \par The asset total for the railroad is the value at this moment of \par \par everything the railroad owns.\par \par The liabilities of your railroad are the bonds which you have \par outstanding and the stockholder's equity, the money they paid into \par your company to buy stock when it was started. In accounting terms\par the long term profit of your railroad, the money that it has earned, is \par the value of your http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html assets minus what you owe bondholders (debts) and \par stockholders (equity). This profit figure is also known as retained \par earnings, or profits above investment and debts that have been plowed \par back into the company. \par \par PAGE 100\par\par \par PAGE 101\par \par In the case of the C&R railroad, it has assets of $1,330,000 versus \par equity and bonds of $1,000,000. It has made a profit of $330,000 in \par its operating lifetime. \par \par Income Statement\par \par Income Statement\par Income Statement; 1832\par Economic Climate: Recession\par \par REVENUES: YTD: Total:\par \par Mail $ 0,000 $ 0,000\par Passengers $ 32,000 $ 292,000\par Fast Freight $ 31,000 $ 0,000\par Slow Freight $ 0,000 $ 77,000\par Bulk Freight $ 0,000 $ 91,000\par --------- ---------\par Other Income $ 80,000 $ 0,000\par $ 143,000 $ 460,000\par \par EXPENSES:\par \par Interest / Fees $ 0,000 $ 40,000\par Train Maintenance $ 0,000 $ 6,000\par Track Maintenance $ 4,000 $ 22,000\par --------- ---------\par Station Maintenance $ 9,000 $ 40,000\par --------- ---------\par $ 13,000 $ 77,000\par Operating Profit $ 130,000 $ 383,000\par Stock Profits $ 130,000 \par \par The income statement reports earnings and http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html expenses for the current \par fiscal period and for the lifetime of the railroad. The left hand\par column reports year to date (YTD) figures and the right hand column \par the lifetime total. The figures in the total column do not include the \par YTD figures in the left hand column. Revenue shows sources of income \par and expenses show where cash has been spent. The operating profit (or \par loss) is the money earned (or lost) in either time frame, calculated \par by subtracting expenses from revenue. Stock Profits indicates the\par gain or loss, so far this year, in the value of stock you own.\par \par The revenue for the freight classes, such as mail, passengers, \par etc., is the income earned for delivery of that type of cargo. For \par example, in the statement above, the C&R has earned $32,000 so far\par this year, and $292,000 in its history prior to this year, for delivery \par of passengers. Other Income is earned for delivering Priority \par Shipments and by restaurants and hotels your railroad owns in stations \par where passengers are delivered.\par \par Under expenses, Interest/Fees is the money you have paid out in \par Interest on bonds, interest on negative spending (spending money when \par your cash balance in $0 or less), and fees paid for selling or buying \par back a bond. Train, Track, and Station Maintenance are expenses you \par must pay for salaries and up keep of these items. \par \par Train Income Report\par \par From this report you can read at a glance how each of your trains \par is performing. The most important information is normally what the\par train has earned so far this year (YTD), what it earned last year \par (Last Year), and what its expected maintenance cost is for this year. \par The Train Class shows whether the train is a local, through, express, \par or limited. Under route is shown the stops the train is scheduled to \p http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ar make \par \par PAGE 101\par\par \par PAGE 102\par \par and a > indicator shows its next destination.\par\par \par Also shown is the train's name if it has one, correct icons for the \par types of locomotive and cars that make it up, and its average speed. \par \par If you have so many trains operating that they don't fit on one \par page, press the Selector 1 to flip to the next page of trains.\par \par Stock Price Graph\par \par This graph displays the relative prices of your own stock and the \par stock of the competing railroads. Across the top of the graph are the \par names of the railroads that have stock outstanding. Starting in the \par bottom left corner are colored lines that trace the changes in stock \par prices as the game continues.\par \par The lines on the graph are color coded with the names of the \par railroads above. Trace from the right-most end of any line to the left \par side of the graph to get an approximation of the current value of that \par stock. For example, the line with the same color as the C&R's name \par ends just short of the $20 line, indicating a price of around $18 per \par share.\par \par When a stock's price reaches or goes over $100 per share, the \par stock splits. Two new shares are issued for each one old share, \par and the price of the new shares is set at half the price of the old \par share. The scale of prices on the graph changes to reflect the \par splitting of a stock. \par \par PAGE 102\par\par \par PAGE 103\par \par The scale of the graph on the left side extends from $0 to $100 \par when a game begins. After a stock split the scale doubles so that it \par always can show the correct price of stocks. For example, the first time \par a stock splits, the scale changes from $0 - $100 to $0 - $200. In this \par way the correct relationship between the prices of split and unsplit \par http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html stocks is maintained. \par \par Economic Climate\par \par The economic climate in Railroad Tycoon moves between Panic,\par Recession, Normal, Moderation, and Boom. Panic is the worst, and\par Boom is the best. The overall trend is a gradual movement toward \par better times, but sudden bad news can drop the economy quickly and \par far. The current climate affects the interest rate on bonds, the \par cost of track, the cost of double track, the cost of right-of-way, \par and the supply of cargos generated. Generally, things cost more and \par more cargos are generated in better times. \par \par Competing railroads are also affected by the economic climate. \par They normally have lower revenues in worse times, but may do more \par building to take advantage of lower costs. They may also roll over \par their bonds in good times to lower their interest costs.\par \par Changing economic climates offer you opportunity and challenge. \par The opportunity in good times is to possibly lower your interest costs \par by buying back high interest bonds and selling new low cost bonds. \par In bad times construction costs are lower and this can save you money \par if you can arrange to do your expansion then. Also, bad times may \par require you to reduce the number of trains or the cars on existing \par trains. Smaller, faster, full trains in bad times can be expected to \par make much more money than larger, slower, half empty trains. \par \par PAGE 103\par\par \par PAGE 104\par \par ADDITIONAL REPORTS\par \par In addition to Financial Reports, you may call up other reports for \par information about your railroad. These include a list of your Accom-\par plishments, an Efficiency Report, and a History of your railroad.\par \par These reports are available during play. From any display, pull \par down the Reports menu and choose from the list the report you wish \par http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html to see. \par \par Accomplishments\par \par This report is simply a log of the important events that have taken \par place on your railroad during your presidency. Generally, any news \par that is sufficiently important to make it into the newspaper headlines \par is added to the list of your accomplishments. Examples of accomplish- \par ments are the initiation of service to a new city and new records set \par for earnings. \par \par Efficiency Report\par \par This report supplies information on how well your railroad is doing \par in taking advantage of opportunities to pick up cargos supplied along \par your system. \par \par The first part shows the total number of carloads of cargo that \par have been made available so far this fiscal period and during the \par previous period, and how many you managed to pick up. The percentage \par number indicates approximately how much of the available cargos you \par carried. The closer the percentage approaches 100, the more efficient\par your railroad is at taking advantage of profit opportunities.\par \par Ton-miles traveled is a measure of the capacity that you have moved. \par For example, a 40 ton car that travels 10 miles equals 400 ton-miles \par traveled. Ton-miles delivered is the number of tons delivered times \par the distance those tons were carried. If the 40 ton car is fully loaded\par when it traveled 10 miles and then delivered, it would equal 400 ton-miles \par delivered. \par \par The utilization efficiency is ton-miles traveled by your railroad \par divided into ton-miles delivered. It roughly tells you the percentage \par of time your cars are traveling empty.\par \par PAGE 104\par\par \par PAGE 105\par \par Revenue efficiency measures the money you make versus the number of \par ton-miles you carry. The dollar figure is an estimate of the money you \par earn per ton delivered. T http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html he higher the number, the more money you are \par making per ton, and the more efficient are your operations. \par \par History\par \par The history report is a replay of your railroad's accomplishments\par reviewed on the Regional Display that shows the growth of your \par railroad, the economy, and your competitors, up until now. \par \par The replay is carried out on a year by year basis. \par \par PAGE 105\par\par \par PAGE 107\par \par 5. RAILROAD COMPETITION\par \par COMPETING RAILROADS\par \par Once the technology of trains on rails was demonstrated to be \par practical, railroads began appearing throughout the industrial world.\par The earliest roads had large areas all to their own, but that circum- \par stance didn't last. As more entrepreneurs and investors were dazzled \par by the glamor and apparent riches of railroading, the countrysides \par became crisscrossed with new tracks. \par \par Rival railroads fought for access to new or already lucrative areas. \par When in direct competition, healthier roads cut rates hoping weaker \par opponents could not afford the losses. The ultimate competition came \par in the stock market where rivals fought for control of each other's \par companies or other railroad pawns on the map.\par \par The people who ran railroads during the era of expansion were of \par all types, brilliant engineers, accomplished executives, shrewd \par financiers, incompetents, and crooks. Railroad presidents not only \par had to manage their own business, but understand the strengths and weak- \par nesses of their rivals and plan accordingly. \par \par In Railroad Tycoon you too have rival railroads to contend with. \par Watch out for competing railroads expanding and cutting you off,\par starting rate wars at key stations, or attempting to take control of\par your railroad in the stock market. In return, look for opportunities http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html \par to cripple or take over your competitors. Getting control of one or \par more of your rivals may significantly improve the success of your \par railroad. \par \par Up to three of your rivals may start up their own railroads. These \par railroads are run according to the personality of the historic figure \par that is their president. For example, a railroad run by Jim Hill is \par always looking for new cities to build to. Roads run by J. P. Morgan \par or Jay Gould are adept at stock market dealings. \par \par PAGE 107\par\par \par PAGE 108\par \par You may not lay track across the track of a competing railroad, \par and you may not build a station within 5 squares of a competing \par railroad's station. You may lay track directly into a rival's station, \par triggering a rate war (see Rate Wars, page 109).\par \par Once competing railroads are started, you may buy and sell their \par stock in a manner similar to that for buying your own stock (see\par Calling Your Broker, page 97). If you can purchase enough of a \par competitor's stock, you take the railroad over (see Stock Market Take- \par overs, page 111) and can partially control it (see Controlling Other \par Railroads, page 112). \par \par PAGE 108\par\par \par PAGE 109\par \par RATE WARS\par \par Prior to government regulation of freight rates, a standard tactic of \par rival railroads serving the same cities was to cut rates. This drew \par business away from competitors, weakening them and hopefully driving \par them from the vicinity. The survivor could then raise prices to very \par profitable levels without the competitive pressure keeping them down.\par \par Your railroad may be the target of a rate war attack from a \par competing railroad, or you may use the rate war as a means of weakening \par a rival. To win a rate war you must understand what is going on and how \par best to pr http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html oceed.\par \par A rate war is triggered when you either build track into a \par competitor's station or a competing railroad lays track into one of\par your stations. You receive a message announcing that a rate war has \par started, and the border around the Shipping Report of the affected \par station turns to the color signifying half rates. Until the rate war \par is concluded, the border remains in the halfrate color, signifying that \par all revenues for delivering cargo here are halved. A cargo that would \par normally earn $20,000 when delivered, earns $10,000 when taken to \par a station in a rate war.\par \par The winner of a rate war is decided by the local city council of the \par town where the war is underway. At the end of each fiscal period the \par council examines the service provided by the opponents and votes for \par which should be given a monopoly on service to the city. Beginning \par with the vote after the second fiscal period of the war, the first \par railroad to gain at least a 66% vote majority is declared the winner. \par \par The votes in a rate war are directly tied to the amount of cargos \par delivered to, and taken from, the contested station. For example, if\par the station demands coal, the more coal you can deliver there, the more \par votes in your favor. If the contested station has a large supply of \par wood, your vote total increases for every ton of wood carried away. The \par city council is affected by your record on every cargo that they supply \par and demand, so it is in your interest to devote special trains to \par servicing this station, regardless of revenue, just to earn votes.\par \par If a competing railroad loses a rate war, all of its track leading out \par of the station is torn up. If this leaves any stations isolated with no \par other track connections, then those stations are also eliminated.\par \par http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html PAGE 109\par \par PAGE 110\par \par If your railroad loses, all of your facilities, track, trains, \par bridges, etc., within three squares of the station are eliminated. You \par receive no compensation for these losses.\par \par If you win a rate war, the station becomes wholly yours. The \par border around the Shipping Report for the station turns from the color \par signifying half rates, to the color signifying double rates. For the \par next fiscal period all cargo delivery revenues are twice the normal rate. \par Having shamelessly acceded to the town's every wish to win the rate \par war, you are now in the happy position of giving them a lesson in \par monopoly economics. \par \par You may not build facilities such as engine shops, post offices, \par etc., at a station in a rate war. \par \par PAGE 110\par\par \par PAGE 111\par \par STOCK MARKET TAKEOVERS\par \par In the latter half of the 19th Century, many of the greatest railroad \par battles in America were fought on Wall Street, far from the tracks and\par trains of the combatants. One way to neutralize a competitor was to \par take him over and make his resources work for you, not against you. \par Some of the more infamous railroad men of this period knew next to \par nothing about running a railroad, but were experts in stock manipula- \par tion.\par \par While building and operating your railroad, you must remain \par aware of the stock market dealings of your competitors. Given the \par opportunity, they may take over your company, loot it of cash, and \par put you out of work. You must protect yourself from that risk, and \par also look for opportunities of your own. It is possible for you to \par take over one or all of your competitors, and have them work for you \par thereafter.\par \par In addition to buying your own stock, you may purchase stock in \par any competing railroad http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html s. If at any time you hold over 50% of the stock \par outstanding (owned by the public, in the company treasury, or in your \par hands), you take it over and control it (see Controlling Other Rail- \par roads, page 112).\par \par Stock purchases and sales are made in a manner similar to those \par for your own stock (see Calling Your Broker, page 97). However, if \par the opposing management has bought the remaining stock you need and \par put it in the treasury, you can only buy the remaining shares by \par making a tender offer. \par \par Once the public has no shares left to sell, you may tender an offer \par for all of the shares you don't own. To do this call your broker from \par the Action menu and attempt to buy more stock in the target railroad. \par A new menu appears informing you that you must tender for all the \par remaining stock in the treasury at twice the current market price. \par You have the option of making this purchase or not.\par \par If you proceed to tender for the remaining stock, the cost is \par subtracted from your cash and you then own 100% of the stock in the \par railroad.\par \par Note that since you only need over 50% to retain control, you may \par sell off some of the stock now or later without losing control. \par However, if you sell stock to the point that you no longer own over \par 50%, you lose control of the railroad and it becomes a competitor \par again. \par \par PAGE 111\par\par \par PAGE 112\par \par CONTROLLING OTHER RAILROADS\par \par Controlling one or more of your competing railroads can help you \par financially and tactically. The value of their stock can increase, \par helping to increase the value of your own. You can transfer money from \par their treasuries to yours, or vice versa. You can attempt to have a \par controlled railroad build track that blocks other railroads from \par expanding, while y http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html our own railroad grows unhindered.\par \par Having obtained control of a rival you must decide how best to profit \par from its resources. Is the best course to invest in it, or have it \par invest in you? Use it as a blocker, or build it away from you to keep \par your options open? Have it start a rate war against another rival?\par \par Once you have taken control of a competing railroad, you may \par make some operating decisions for it. To operate a controlled \par railroad, pull down the Action menu, choose "Call Your Broker", and \par then pull down the Operate RR menu. You have four operating choices, \par as shown in the Operate RR menu below. \par \par Choose the "Take $100,000" and "Give $100,000" options to move \par money from the controlled railroad's treasury to your railroad's \par treasury, or vice versa. Money is normally moved in $100,000 amounts. \par Money may also be moved in $250,000 increments if a substantially large a\par mount of cash is available in either treasury, and the Operate RR menu \par changes to reflect this ability.\par \par Choose the "Buy Back Bond" option to order the controlled railroad to \par buy back one $500,000 bond. The railroad's cash and bonds are then \par reduced by $500,000. Controlled railroads only buy back bonds when you \par tell them to do so. They may never sell more bonds.\par \par Choose the "Build Track" option to order the controlled railroad to \par attempt to connect to a certain city. A text window opens giving you \par the opportunity to name the cities you wish it to build from and to. \par Type in the name of the city and press the Selector 1 key. Thereafter, \par the railroad attempts to build to the city you named. If it is unable \par to build there for some reason, a message appears telling you this. \par \par PAGE 112\par\par \par PAGE 113\par \par Once you have taken control o http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html f a railroad, your exercising of this \par option is the only way the controlled railroad continues to build.\par \par You may build your tracks into the stations of a controlled \par railroad, creating Union stations. When this occurs, you automatically \par build a terminal (normal cost $200,000) for the cost of a station \par ($100,000). You may build facilities at Union stations. \par \par PAGE 113\par\par \par PAGE 115\par \par 6. THE RAILROAD STORY\par \par THE ORIGINS OF RAILROADING\par \par The history of railroading can be traced back to rut roads in ancient \par Greek cities that are thought to have guided ceremonial carts. But the \par elements of railroading as we think of it all came together for the \par first time in 1825 when George Stephenson piloted his engine locomotion \par No. 1 along the tracks of the Stockton & Darlington Railroad, pulling a \par train of 34 cars.\par \par Preserved from that day is an account of the somewhat mystical \par beginnings of railroading from one of Stephenson's workmen. Having \par unloaded the locomotive from its wagon, mounted it on the tracks, and \par filled its boiler with water, the men discovered they had no match. \par While one man went off to get a lantern, Robert Metcalf used sunlight \par through his magnifying glass to light his pipe. Being practical he \par turned his glass on some hemp packing and soon had transformed the \par power of the sun into the fire of the first locomotive to pull a common \par carrier train. \par \par That day in September was a triumph not only for Stephenson and the \par founders of the railroad, but for all the other inventors and thinkers \par who had contributed to the new technologies and ideas brought together \par there for the first time. The combination of track, locomotive, and \par common carrier train, was to revolutionize the transportation of people \par and http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html goods, and help change the world forever.\par \par The first component of the railroad to be developed was the track \par that guided the trains and cars. The benefits of moving wheeled \par vehicles along rails of some sort had been recognized for many years \par prior to 1825.\par \par By distributing the weight of the load along the rail and down \par through the track structure, very heavy loads could he supported. \par \par PAGE 115\par\par \par PAGE 116\par \par Without this weight distribution, the heavy steam locomotives that \par were soon to appear would be unable to move without sinking into the\par ground. \par \par A smooth wood or iron rail surface in contact with the smooth\par wheels of moving vehicles offered much lower resistance, or friction\par than the uneven roads or ground. Flanged wheels on the vehicles\par helped them adhere to the rail. The combination of rail and flanged \par wheel meant that heavy loads could be pulled by horses, and then \par steam locomotives, at unprecedented speeds. \par \par Rails served as guides, allowing a single power source to pull a \par long string of carrying vehicles and thereby spread the costs of power\par over more loads. Prior to rails, vehicles had to be moved singly, each\par with a single power source, usually a horse.\par \par Track was used prior to the 1820's primarily inside and outside \par of mines where the expense of its construction was practical due to the\par frequent movement of heavy loads. Other than for mines, tracks were\par rarely seen until tramroads appeared in the 1600's. Tramroads were\par tracks over which horses pulled specially wheeled wagons. Before \par tramroads became widespread, however, a new power source had appeared, \par the steam locomotive. \par \par The first practical demonstration of a steam locomotive occurred\par in 1804 when Richard Trevithick's http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html engine pulled some ore cars along \par a tramroad in Wales. This early design did not generate the enthusiasm \par it deserved, but other inventors continued to search for efficient \par ways to transform high pressure steam into a locomotive power.\par \par The success of Stephenson's Stockton & Darlington designs, plus\par his later triumph at the Rainhill Trials of the Liverpool & Manchester,\par got the Western world's attention. Men of industry and science came\par from all over to see steam locomotive power first hand. Most went \par home impressed with the new technology and many drew up plans for \par railroads in their communities.\par \par The difference between the Stockton & Darlington and previous \par railroad experiments was that the train that Stephenson pulled was \par a common carrier. Anyone wishing to travel or ship goods could buy \par space on the train. The freight and passenger cars were owned by the \par company, and they promised to have the train depart from a depot at \par \par PAGE 116\par\par \par PAGE 117\par \par one end of the line and arrive on a schedule at another depot where \par passengers and goods unloaded. The Stockton & Darlington was the \par model for all future railroads. \par \par Railroads would have been only interesting toys if there were no \par opportunities for their profitable employment. By the 1820's England \par had witnessed the economic value and profitability of canal transport. \par The new technology of railroads promised even greater practicality \par and profits than canals because it offered greater speed and capacity, \par was cheaper to build, could be built anywhere, and could operate in \par any weather. \par \par PAGE 117\par\par \par PAGE 118\par \par THE ROLE OF RAILROADS\par \par Introduction\par \par The role of a railroad is to assemble and move trains of cars \par carrying goods and/o http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html r passengers from one place to another. Because\par they can move large loads over long distances for minimal costs, they\par are often by far the most efficient method of transportation available. \par Today in North America, mainline railroads principally carry freight. \par Passenger traffic is mainly concentrated in commuter traffic into and\par out of major cities, carried by local private or government owned lines. \par In most European countries, railroads still have important passenger \par business. \par \par Historically, the role of railroads has gone through many changes.\par Beginning as a special type of transportation with limited use, they \par expanded into the principal way of moving anything, anywhere. Their\par role in the economy has shrunk in scope today, but not in importance. \par \par Changes Over Time\par \par Prior to the Stockton & Darlington, railroads were adjuncts to the \par mining business. Only the steady volume and weight of mine traffic \par justified the expense of tracks, power, and cars. The typical train \par consisted of a horse or primitive locomotive pulling a few cars of coal \par or ore.\par \par The main cargo of the first Stockton & Darlington common carrier \par train was still coal, but the difference was that flour and passengers \par were also carried along. The railroad advertised that it was offering \par transport service to and from its terminal cities. Freight could be \par shipped by the package or the carload, and passengers were welcome. \par All the cars in the trains were owned by the company and arrangements \par were made with the railroad for loading and unloading. From this \par beginning of common carriage, the role of the railroad began to \par broaden and diversify.\par \par The first common carriage railroads were built to connect coastal \par cities with sources of raw materials in the interior. http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html For example, the \par Stockton & Darlington, the Liverpool & Manchester, and the Baltimore & \par Ohio were all planned originally to increase the flow of trade to ports. \par This traffic did indeed flourish, and these early roads found to their \par delight that traffic going back to the interior grew as well. Very \par quickly passenger traffic in both directions far exceeded expectations, \par and railroads developed the concept of trains wholly dedicated to \par carrying passengers. \par \par PAGE 118\par\par \par PAGE 119\par \par The success of the first railroads inspired imitators, and soon \par railroads were being built everywhere. Every city and then every town \par wanted to be connected to its neighbors by rails. People and goods \par began moving back and forth by train in astonishing amounts. Access \par to railroads brought new industries and population into a region, \par increasing traffic even more. Dedicated railroads were built to serve \par individual industries such as coal mines and lumber mills.\par \par The cheap, fast, and safe transportation provided by railroads \par was an added spur to the economic growth of nations undergoing the \par Industrial Revolution. Railroads themselves benefitted from improved \par technology as steel rails and more powerful locomotives provided \par more efficient service.\par \par The peak of railroad mileage in the United States came in 1916. \par At this time most intercity transportation within the country was \par handled by railroads. Raw materials, finished products, livestock, \par and people moved throughout the country almost entirely by rail. \par \par Railroads Today\par \par Since 1916 the mileage of track in the United States has decreased \par nearly 25%, but surprisingly, the ton/miles of traffic carried has \par more than doubled. These changes were brought about mainly by the \par aban http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html doning of parallel and branch tracks, and the consolidation of \par traffic. During the heady days of railway expansion many routes \par were overbuilt and the traffic could not support all the railroads \par trying to compete. Inefficient lines have now been mostly eliminated.\par \par When railroads hauled most of the passengers and freight for the \par nation, branches and spurs trailed off the mainlines in every direction, \par serving even the smallest industry or community. Today the branch line \par is all but gone from Class 1 railroads ($50,000,000 gross revenue per\par year), though many are being operated by local companies or governments.\par The major railroads have trimmed down to just their mainline trunks.\par \par Traffic is now concentrated at major freight terminals and large \par consolidated freight trains constitute the majority of traffic. As \par more of the transport roles that trains once provided have gone to \par other carriers, railroads have concentrated their business where they \par are most efficient. When freight can be quickly loaded into and \par dispersed \par \par PAGE 119\par\par \par PAGE 120\par \par from the large, fast, long distance trains that operate today, the costs\par of railroad shipping cannot be beat. \par \par The single most common railroad cargo today is coal carried to power \par generating plants, metallurgical industries, and ports for overseas \par shipment. Additional common cargos are containers or truck trailers on \par flat cars, iron and steel scrap, metallic ores, coke (the kind made from \par coal and burned to make steel), petroleum products, fabricated metals and \par machinery.\par \par When railroads became viable they quickly superseded canals,\par stagecoaches, and freight wagons as the principle method of ground \par transportation. For over 100 years they remained dominant. In the \par 20th http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html Century many of their roles have been passed over to other \par transportation modes, such as automobiles, trucks, airplanes, barges \par and pipelines, but they remain extremely efficient in their core \par business.\par \par Railroads can be expected to have an important role in transportation \par for a long time, and in the future may find several of their previous\par roles restored.\par \par PAGE 120\par\par \par PAGE 121\par \par RAILROAD FINANCES\par \par Railroad Stock\par \par Railroads were some of the first great capitalized corporations.\par The expense of their construction could not be born by one man or a \par small group, especially when so much work had to be finished before \par the first train could run. For this reason, most railroads were \par originally financed by stock subscriptions.\par \par The new corporation began with a charter from the government, \par usually the state in the United States. According to this charter, so \par many shares of stock were authorized for sale, each share equalling \par a part ownership in the company. These shares were then offered to \par the public for purchase, thereby raising funds. \par \par In the Baltimore & Ohio's case, shares were offered at a price of \par $100 each, but you subscribed to the shares by putting up only a \par percentage of the cost, say $5. At regular intervals stock subscribers \par were expected to make additional payments until the entire $100 had \par been paid in. If you missed your payments, the ownership of the stock \par normally reverted to the company and your investment to date was lost.\par \par In return for your investment the company promised to begin \par paying dividends at a future date from the revenue it expected to be \par earning by that time. \par \par The great advantage of funds raised from stock sales was that \par there was no requirement that http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html they be paid back. Investors were \par gambling that the railroad would be profitable, returning to them \par dividends and perhaps even an increase in the value of their shares. \par But if the railroad did poorly, their only recourse was to remove the \par president and bring in someone who could try to set things right.\par \par In addition to stock sales to the public, local or state governments \par would occasionally purchase stock to help finance a railroad enterprise \par thought to be especially beneficial to the community. A town might \par offer to buy stock to encourage a railroad to build into the area. \par For example, the Baltimore & Ohio built a line from Baltimore to \par Washington, D.C. at the request of the state of Maryland in return for \par the state buying a large block of B & 0 stock and other considerations. \par \par PAGE 121\par\par \par PAGE 122\par \par Railroad Bonds\par \par When stock sales dried up,the next alternative for raising money\par was to borrow it. This was most often done by authorizing and selling\par bonds to the public. The railroad agreed to buy back the bond at a fixed\par date in the future, and pay a fixed amount of interest each year to the\par purchaser. For example, if a 30-year 5% bond was sold for $1000, the\par railroad would receive $1000 today, pay $50 interest each year to the \par bond buyer, and after 30 years buy back the bond for $1000.\par \par The bond buyer was betting that the railroad would not fail, giving\par him a fixed return of $50 each year, and then returning his $1000. The\par railroad was betting that it could put the $1000 to work immediately \par in such a manner so as to generate enough future income to cover the, \par interest payments and pay back the $1000 in 30 years.\par \par The bond holder owned only the bond, he had no part of the railroad's \par ownership. However, if the ra http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ilroad could not buy back the bond after 30 \par years, the bond holder normally had first right to any money raised from \par the sale of bankrupt railroad assets. \par \par Railroads tried very hard to keep bond holders happy and paid up, \par however, because the interest rates they had to pay and their ability \par to sell more bonds depended greatly on their previous record of \par payment. \par \par Land Grants\par \par The railroads in North America were often built into areas of low \par population where traffic was expected to be light for some time.\par Especially in the West where transcontinental railroads were thought\par to have important national benefits, the government subsidized\par railroad construction by giving the railroads large blocks of land. \par The railroads sold this land to raise money for construction.\par \par This system served very well, and by the late 1800's the western \par expanse was bridged several times. The land was sold to farmers and \par entrepreneurs who built new towns along the roads, accelerating \par settlement and soon generating rail traffic. However, the system was\par not regulated and many of the land grant railroads were rife with\par corruption and swindle.\par \par The most famous western fraud was the Credit Mobilier scandal \par involving the Union Pacific Railroad. The directors of the Union \par Pacific started a second company, the Credit Mobilier, and hired it \par (and\par \par PAGE 122\par\par \par PAGE 123\par \par themselves) to do the construction of the Union Pacific. They then \par proceeded to bill themselves about three times the cost of construction, \par pocketing the difference. By the time the Union Pacific completed \par its famous link with the Central Pacific, it was essentially bankrupt.\par \par Despite the scandals, stock and bond holder losses, and the large \par governme http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html nt give-away of land, the construction of the transcontinental \par railroads was considered a good investment for the nation. When the \par looted railroads were reorganized they generally proved to be good \par investments beyond their strategic value.\par \par It should be mentioned that one transcontinental road , the Great \par Northern, was built from Duluth, Minnesota to Seattle, Washington, \par entirely without government land grants. The Great Northern was the \par creation of James Hill, tough and often ruthless, but one of the great \par railroad builders of the age. \par \par Stock Market Shenanigans\par \par Unfortunately for many investors and bondholders, railroads and \par their stocks often became playthings in the hands of shrewd and \par skillful crooks. The result too often was a sudden railroad bankruptcy \par and financial ruin for investors.\par \par When the stock market worked as planned , the price of a stock at \par any one time was thought to be an accurate representation of the value \par of the company. But on Wall Street in the late 1800's, the stock market \par often behaved oddly, manipulated legally (for that age) and illegally.\par \par That time period was one of consolidation and competition in the \par railroad business, as overbuilding of railroads was reducing profits. \par Railroads looked to take over competitors or ruin them financially as \par a cheap alternative to lengthy rate wars. In this environment men \par such as Jay Gould, Jim Fisk, and Daniel Drew found opportunity. \par \par The most common ploy was to quietly accumulate a low-priced stock \par with little prospects, and then generate a lot of buying in it with \par rumors. Since it was relatively easy to borrow funds against stock \par values, rising prices generated more buying power that forced prices \par higher, and so on. At some point the original pl http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html otters jumped out, \par selling their accumulation at a profit, while the late comers watched \par their hot stock collapse. \par \par PAGE 123\par\par \par PAGE 124\par \par A more subtle strategy was the bear raid. A little judicious stock \par buying and the spread of some rumors in the right places were designed \par to get a stock's price flying upward. At the right moment the bears \par started selling short, or selling shares they didn't have at today's \par price, in the hope that they could buy them at a much lower price later, \par just before they were to be delivered. Their short sales helped drive \par down the stock, plus new rumors were designed to start panic selling. \par The raiders pocketed the difference between the price they sold at, and \par the lower price they paid later for the stock they delivered.\par \par For example, assume the raiders decide to attack the Erie's stock, \par a favorite target, now selling for $50. They begin buying the stock \par and spreading rumors that the New York Central is buying Erie. The \par stock begins to climb toward $80. The raiders jump in, selling Erie \par short at $80, or selling it but not having to deliver the stock for a \par week. They continue selling and spreading more rumors that the New \par York Central is not only not buying but planning a new rate war. The \par Erie stock plunges to $20 in 4 days. The bears buy back at $20, \par delivering the stock to the people who bought it from them at $80, and \par pocket $60 per share.\par \par If possible the two ploys were worked together, making money on \par both the way up and down.\par \par The danger in a bear raid was the risk that the stock you were \par shorting continued to rise in price, instead of fall, forcing you \par eventually to pay a higher price than you had already sold it for. If\par you sold short at $80 and the price rose to $ http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html 100 before you could buy \par it back, you lost $20 per share.\par \par In one memorable case, Commodore Vanderbilt got wind of a bear \par raid on one of his stocks, and started furious buying. The short \par selling bears, led by Daniel Drew, were caught in a bear trap, as the \par price kept rising further above the price where they had sold it. Drew \par and his accomplices had to make a secret deal with Vanderbilt on his \par terms to avoid total ruin. \par \par Jay Gould and others took these games one step further by actually \par taking control of the Erie and other railroads and manipulating their \par stock prices from inside. The public may have been bewil- \par \par PAGE 124\par\par \par PAGE 125\par \par dered by the violent swings in the stock price of the Erie, but Gould \par and his friends were making money with each move.\par \par Several years later, the moribund Union Pacific, still feeling the \par effects of the Credit Mobilier scandal, fell into Jay Gould's hands for \par a very low price. The railroad immediately began paying large and \par steady dividends, and the stock price rose accordingly. When Gould \par sold out for many times his cost, the new owners discovered massive \par hidden loans that couldn't be repaid and the road went back into \par bankruptcy. \par \par By the turn of the 20th Century, new regulations on Wall Street \par had curtailed many of the manipulators' frauds. The Security and \par Exchange Commission and other government bodies were set up to \par protect industry and stockholder rights. Most of the villains of\par this age were brought down by either the government or their own \par excesses. Jay Gould eluded his enemies to the end, dying rich, but \par despised.\par \par PAGE 125\par\par \par PAGE 126\par \par CONSTRUCTING RAILROADS\par \par Where To Build\par \par The first step in constructing a r http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ailroad was obtaining a charter\par from the government (state or national). This empowered the railroad \par to build its connections by obtaining passage through private land\par with the government's right of eminent domain. Having decided that\par the proposed railroad would sufficiently benefit the community, the\par government made it possible for the railroad to obtain reasonable\par passage.\par \par Armed with its charter, the railroad sent its surveying parties into\par the field to search for the best route. The surveyors had to keep several\par factors in mind including changes in elevation, curves, the value of the \par land the road was to pass over, and the proximity of possible revenue\par sources. The two main concerns were to minimize grades and curves.\par \par A locomotive pulling a heavy train uphill has to devote increasing\par power to lifting as the grade, or percentage change in elevation,\par increases. A 3,000 horsepower locomotive pulling a 2,000 ton train (a \par 1.5 hp per ton train) can travel at 60 miles per hour on level track, but\par its speed drops to 22 mph on a 1% grade and 10 mph on a 2% grade.\par Lighter trains are less affected by grades.\par \par Straight tracks are easier to build and maintain, and allow trains \par to move faster. When a train is moving around a curve, part of the \par locomotive power is needed to pull the train around, and less is\par available for pulling forward. Also, the centrifugal force of the curve\par tends to push the cars out of the curve, putting more drag on the\par locomotive. In the early days of railroading extremely tight curves \par restricted the size of engines and cars that could negotiate them. \par \par In 1828 the surveyors of the first Baltimore & Ohio route faced the\par dilemma of choosing between tighter curves or steeper grades. Drawing\par on the limited information available http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html from England and having little\par idea of the abilities of steam locomotives, they minimized grades and \par accepted exceedingly tight curves. This proved the wrong compromise \par as locomotives capable of handling grades soon became available. The \par curved track sections were a constant problem for the railroad, \par moreover, being rebuilt many times through the years.\par \par When its survey was complete, a railroad had a plan of the track, \par including where bridges, fills, and tunnels would be needed. Armed \par with the power of the state, the railroad bought the required land and \par the construction gangs began building the road. \par \par PAGE 126\par\par \par PAGE 127\par \par Track Construction\par \par The earliest track designs in America were modeled on less expensive \par English examples, including cast iron straps fastened to stone sills laid \par lengthwise, wood stringers laid lengthwise with iron straps on top, and \par iron straps on wood stringers laid on stone blocks. The stone \par construction was satisfactory for horse pulled cars, but absolutely \par unsuited for locomotives whose weight required give in the track for a \par smooth ride. Some English roads were built of edged plates laid \par lengthwise, but these were too expensive for American use.\par \par Where wood crossties had been used instead of stone as a temporary \par expedient to save time and expense, they were found to actually work \par quite well. Wood proved to have the necessary resilience and cushioning \par effect required when steam replaced horses. In addition, track could be \par spiked directly into the wooden tie. \par \par The wooden ties used today weigh 200 pounds. They are pressure \par treated with 25 pounds of preservative to slow decay. Additional \par improvements include pre-drilled spike holes that reduce fiber damage \par and improve spike http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html grip, and metal tie plates that spread the load \par of the rail over more of the tie to prevent tie cutting and crushing. \par The expected useful life of first quality ties has been extended to 25 \par or more years.\par \par In many parts of the world where wood is difficult to obtain, concrete \par ties have been used instead. The future of concrete ties depends on the \par length of their useful life, which is still being tested. Concrete ties \par require a new track structure because the dynamic action occurs between \par the tie and the ballast, not the tie and the tie plate of wooden tie \par track. \par \par The weight of increasingly heavy locomotives made strap rail \par dangerous as well as obsolete, because the straps tended to roll with \par the weight and separate from the roadbed. The disconnected ends, \par known as "snake heads", had an alarming tendency to pull up and \par pierce the bottom of cars passing over.\par \par Alternatives to strap and plate rails were bar rails rolled in the \par shape of an "L", upside down "U", "I", or "T". The flange of the L rail\par kept the wheels of the cars on the track. The U, I, or T rails laid on \par wood ties and run over by cars with flanged wheels were found to be the \par best system. The T rail, laid upside down, proved to have the greatest \par \par PAGE 127\par\par \par PAGE 128\par \par strength and is still used today.\par \par Robert Stevens, the son of early railroad proponent Colonel John \par Stevens, is credited with designing the T rail on a trip to England in \par 1830 to study English railroads. During his sea passage he whittled out \par of wood the first T rail, the familiar rail spike, and the tie plate, all \par used today in modified form. \par \par The T design did not become universal, however, until after the \par development of the Bessemer process reduced the price of stee http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html l from $300 \par per ton to $50. Prior to that cast iron (hard but too brittle) and \par wrought iron (strong but too soft) had been cheaper alternatives. As a \par nearly ideal construction material with a useful combination of hardness, \par strength, and stiffness, steel made the developing power of heavy steam \par locomotives usable. The iron rail that Stevens ordered in England \par weighed 15 pounds per yard; current steel rails are rolled out at 112 to \par 145 pounds per yard. \par \par Rail sections in North America have been 39 feet in length since the \par 1920's, so as to fit on 40 foot flat cars. The sections are bolted \par together at the ends. These bolted joints, however, are the weakest \par part of the track. They \par \par PAGE 128\par\par \par PAGE 129\par \par wear out first, and the reduced stiffness at the joint requires extra \par maintenance to minimize rough riding.\par \par An answer to this problem has been 1500 foot welded rails, made up of\par shorter rails joined as they are made. These long rails are transported \par and laid down by a special train, and laid only on high temperature days \par and with special techniques to minimize contraction and expansion \par problems. A 1500 foot steel rail would contract 1 foot if the \par temperature dropped from 100 degrees to 0 degrees without the special \par steps taken when it is laid down.\par \par Below the wooden ties to which the track is fixed lies the track \par ballast, usually consisting of crushed rock. Ballast holds the ties in \par place, spreads out the load from the rails, and keeps the track \par structure drained. If the ballast does not drain free of water, ice \par may put additional stresses into the rail and tie system, and the track \par may heave when it thaws. Soggy ballast also speeds the rotting of the \par ties.\par \par Below the ballast is the subgrade, ea http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html rth accumulated and tamped \par down so as to support the track pressure from above in all weather \par conditions without settling. Drainage ditches are normally dug to the \par sides of the subgrade to improve drainage. In only a few instance can \par track be laid directly on the ground without some subgrade preparation. \par \par In his book about modern railroading, John Armstrong describes \par 4 diesel locomotives linked together rounding a curve at 70 mph being \par guided and supported by 260 feet of track. Combined, these locomo- \par \par PAGE 129\par\par \par PAGE 130\par \par tives weigh 750 tons. The track below them consists of: \par \par o 11.5 tons of steel rail, held in place by \par o 600 lb. of spikes, and resting on \par o 3.1 tons of steel tie plates, resting on \par o 16.7 tons of crossties, resting in \par o 130 tons of crushed rock ballast, \par which in turn is resting on the subgrade and right of way below. \par \par Bridges \par \par In 1940 there were nearly 4,000 miles of track in the United States\par laid on bridges, enough to stretch from New York to London. Bridges\par were found immediately necessary to cross rivers and other obstacles \par in the geography because railroads had to minimize the elevation\par changes on their lines. Preferred construction materials were either \par stone, wood, or metal, depending on the location, engineering science \par and technology of the day, and cost. \par \par For the earliest railroads, especially in England, stone was the \par preferred material for bridge construction. The science of wood bridge\par building was not advanced, and the early builders were making their best \par guess as to the future demands on the bridge. These early English\par structures had great beauty and durability, and the English continued to \par build in stone when it could be af http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html forded. \par \par The Baltimore & Ohio in America emulated the English, building \par its first four great bridges and viaducts out of stone as well. But \par it was soon realized that the expense and time of construction made \par stone generally impractical in America where the distances covered \par were so great and the number of bridges needed so large.\par \par Necessity being the mother of invention, American engineers turned to\par wood as a cheap and fast alternative to stone. Wood was very plentiful \par in America and often right at hand for the bridge builders. Engineers \par found that bridge parts could be prefabricated and then brought to the \par bridge site for installation. In this manner the B&O was able to replace \par wooden bridges burned by Confederate troops at Harpers Ferry in a matter \par of days.\par \par PAGE 130\par\par \par PAGE 131\par \par Where stone was not practical, English engineers turned to long \par iron plate girders laid end to end and supported by stone piers. These \par were practical in England because of the relative availability of cheap \par iron versus wood. English railroads as well, were more profitable than \par American roads of the period and more capital could be raised for \par permanent structures.\par \par American railroads continued experimenting with wood first, and \par then iron construction techniques. The result was the truss bridge, \par first of wood, then wood and iron rods, and then the all iron truss \par bridge. Trusses linked together in spans could inexpensively bridge a \par large distance. A major step in the improving science of civil \par engineering came in 1847 with the publishing of a study analyzing the\par stresses in truss bridges.\par \par When cheap steel became available, it surpassed all other materials \par in bridge construction. Its characteristics made it an ideal an http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html d \par economic choice, and opened the way for new designs such as the steel \par arch, the suspension bridge, and the cantilever. The first all-steel \par bridge was built of truss spans in 1879 across the Missouri River at \par Glasgow, Missouri. \par \par Each member, or part, of a railroad bridge must be calculated to \par support several loads and forces, including the weight of the bridge \par itself, the weight of the locomotives and cars expected to pass over it, \par the sideways thrust of swaying vehicles, thrusts generated by trains \par attempting to stop on the bridge, and side pressures of the winds. As \par train weight, size, and speed increased, there had to be a corresponding \par evolution in bridges. \par \par Tunnels \par \par In those cases where a ridge or hill must be passed by a railroad, \par a tunnel may be the economical solution. The engineers have to \par estimate the costs of tunnel construction versus alternative track \par arrangements to bypass the obstacle, and then the railroad manager \par have to evaluate the effects on their operations of the alternatives. \par In the United States, tunnels have been the chosen alternative in over \par 1500 locations. \par \par PAGE 131\par\par \par PAGE 132\par \par Tunnels were not a new idea, having already been found useful for \par canals. The earliest canal tunnel was built in France in 1678. Even \par in the United States there were at least two canal tunnels before the \par first railroad tunnel was built. \par \par A tunnel is simply a hole bored through a mountain or hill. The \par construction crew works its way through the mass with drills and \par explosives, attacking the face of the tunnel and removing the debris. \par Where practical the tunnel is built from both ends towards each other\par to speed construction. In some cases shafts are sunk from the top of \par the hill down http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html to the tunnel elevation and new bores are built out from \par the middle, increasing the working faces.\par \par The earliest railroad tunnels were dug with hand drills and black \par powder. Later in the 19th Century pneumatic drills became available, \par as did a superior explosive, nitroglycerine. Tunneling could be \par dangerous work, especially under rivers when added precautions were \par necessary to prevent collapse. \par \par A common practice was to send the tunneling parties ahead of the\par railroad so that the tunnel might be ready when the tracks reached it. \par In America, railroads often built some expedient track to get the line \par operating while work progressed on tunnels that would eventually\par become the mainline.\par \par The longest through railroad tunnel in the United States is the 7 \par miles Cascade Tunnel finished by the Great Northern (now Burlington\par Northern) in 1929. The shortest tunnel in the United States is the 10\par yard Bee Rock Tunnel finished by the Louisville & Nashville between\par Kentucky and Virginia in 1891.\par \par The longest railroad tunnel in the world is the 33 miles Siekan \par Tunnel in Japan between the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido. Slightly \par less impressive is the 30 mile Channel Tunnel or "Chunnel' between \par Britain and France, expected to be completed by 1993. \par \par PAGE 132\par\par \par PAGE 133\par \par OPERATING A RAILROAD\par \par Passenger Service\par \par In the United States today less than 3% of railroad revenue comes\par from passenger service, mainly because travelers prefer the convenience \par or speed of automobiles and airlines. In Europe and other areas this \par is not the case because greater congestion and population densities make \par railroads important people movers, and automobiles and highways are not \par as commonplace. \par \par Historically, h http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html owever, passenger traffic was significant. The \par earliest railroads were planned to be freight haulers, but the large \par revenues that quickly materialized for carrying passengers were a \par pleasant surprise. Not only did travelers abandon the road coaches of \par the day, but new traveler's flocked to the stations, attracted by the \par speed, low cost, and novelty of rail travel. \par \par For most of the 19th Century and the early part of the 20th, \par railroads were the prime means of intercity transport. By the early \par 1900's industrialized nations were crisscrossed by tracks reaching \par every community. You could reach any town in the country by train. \par The alternative remained travel by coach or horseback on often poorly \par maintained roads. \par \par Catering to the demand of the growing middle class, railroads \par regularly scheduled passenger trains promising speedy and comfortable \par service. Salon cars, bar cars, dining cars, sleeping cars, observation \par cars, and others were designed to enhance the experience of traveling by \par train, even overnight. \par \par As part of their publicity campaigns and competition with each \par other, railroads in the Golden Age invested disproportionate funds in \par their passenger service. High speed luxury trains, rigid timetables, \par elegant hotels, restaurants, and elaborate stations all served to \par impress the public with the grandeur and prominence of the providing \par railroad. The public goodwill and prestige earned by highly visible \par passenger service was expected to make the railroad more attractive \par to freight shippers and investors. \par \par Passenger service was generally divided into three modes: local \par trains that stopped at every station along their route, through trains \par that covered a larger route making only a few stops, and the crack \par prestige trains http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html normally running between major terminals at each end \par of the railroad. In addition, passengers often had a choice of travel \par \par PAGE 133\par\par \par PAGE 134\par \par classes as well, and could pay higher fares to travel in privacy and \par luxury. This was especially true in Europe.\par \par Local trains were relatively slow, stopping at every small station\par between two major terminals. For example, a local train might stop at\par all stations between New York and Philadelphia, connecting passengers in \par the smaller communities with the major cities at the route's ends.\par \par At the same time, through or limited trains ran non-stop, or with \par only a few stops, back and forth from major cities that generated \par enough traffic to support the service. A through train from Philadel- \par phia to New York might stop at only a few communities, such as \par Trenton. A person wishing to go from Princeton to New York could \par catch the local to New York, or the local to Trenton and then catch the \par through train to New York. \par \par On important routes such as New York to Chicago or London to \par Edinburgh, railroads put on crack trains and competed fiercely for the \par honor of providing fast and luxurious service. It was believed that \par these crack trains were the main standard by which the railroad was \par judged, so every effort was made to keep the quality of service high. \par Normally these trains covered long distances making few, if any stops. \par \par By the end of the Golden Age, many of the crack trains were as well \par known as the railroads that operated them. Examples of crack trains \par were the New York Central's 20th Century Limited, the Pennsylvania's \par Broadway Limited, the Santa Fe's Super Chief, the London & North \par Western's Irish Mail, the London & North Eastern's Flying Scotsman, \par and the Orient Ex http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html press.\par \par In North America, the decline in intercity passenger traffic is\par directly linked to the automobile, the extensive highway system, and \par airline growth. By the late 1960's passenger traffic had dropped so \par much that many railroads were facing bankruptcy trying to maintain \par service mandated by Federal law. Ultimately, most of the Intercity \par traffic was taken over by a government corporation, Amtrak, that now \par provides this service on a much reduced scale. However, Amtrak is \par still not profitable and requires a large government subsidy to \par maintain operations. \par \par PAGE 134\par\par \par PAGE 135\par \par Freight Service\par \par The principle business of railroads has always been the hauling\par of freight. The first railroad of any kind was built to haul coal, \par and the first train pulled by a steam locomotive carried iron ore. As \par railroads developed into common carriers, prepared to haul anything in \par their cars along their tracks, they came to carry every cargo imaginable.\par \par The earliest freight cars were wagons modified to run on rails. Some \par of these were built to haul specific cargos such as coal and ore, but \par most were just open wagons into which sacks and barrels could be packed. \par The transfer of freight to and from train cars was handled by brute \par strength at a rudimentary station building or platform. As railroads \par and the demand for their services expanded, new equipment and techniques \par were developed for handling and shipping cargos. \par \par One advance was designing cars to carry specific cargo types. Among \par the earliest of these were hopper cars to carry bulk items such as coal, \par ore, sand, and gravel. The familiar box car replaced the wagon as a \par general cargo type, providing protection from the weather. Flat cars \par remained useful for odd sha http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ped items. Later developments were tank cars \par for transporting liquids, gondolas (a flat car with low sides), \par livestock cars, refrigerated cars (first with ice and then electric \par cooling), mail cars (for sorting mail enroute), and others.\par \par The history of the railroad freight business has been a continuing \par evolution of the process of getting the shipper's freight onto a train \par for shipment, and off again fr delivery. Railroads are undeniably \par efficient once the cargos have been placed into trains, but the \par efficiency can be squandered if pickup and delivery are too costly. \par \par The first freight cars were mainly loaded at a stop or station on \par the line where the cargo was moved from wagons onto the train cars. \par At the other end, the receiver's wagons picked up the load. The work \par was done mainly by hand and was slow, but was the only alternative for \par small, less-than-carload shipments. For shipments the size of an entire \par carload, other transfer methods were developed. \par \par An early idea was to set up an area of team tracks and access roads \par where shippers loaded and unloaded entire cars that they arranged \par to meet. The name is retained from the days when wagon teams met \par the trains. If a customer consistently generated sufficient business, \par tracks were laid to his door, and cars were directly delivered and \par \par PAGE 135\par\par \par PAGE 136\par \par picked up by passing trains. For a consistently large customer, such \par as a coal mine, entire trains provided service, special chutes or docks \par were built to speed loading and unloading, and even special cars were \par built, as noted above. In these ways the process of transfer was \par speeded up for both the railroad and customer. \par In a manner similar to passenger trains, freight trains were \par scheduled as local trai http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ns, through trains, and even some express fast \par freights. In addition, there was the unit train.\par \par Local freights originated at a major freight yard on the line, and \par would travel on to the next yard, collecting and setting out cars at the\par sidings of shippers. Starting out with cars to be delivered to shippers \par along the way, it would reach the other yard made up of cars filled by \par businesses for delivery elsewhere. When the local freight reached the \par yard at the end of its route, it was broken up and the individual cars \par were placed into through trains headed to a distant yard destination. \par At its destination yard, the through train was broken up and its cars\par placed in another local freight for delivery. \par \par Through trains traveled non-stop between major freight yards and were \par made up in the yard of cars collected by the local freights for delivery \par elsewhere on the line. A through freight might stop at several yards \par along the route, adding at each a few more cars also headed for the \par train's destination. \par \par The crack, or fast, freights moved valuable or perishable cargo\par that required fast shipment, such as milk, livestock, produce, etc.\par They generally traveled non-stop from one yard or customer to their\par destination. \par \par The unit train is made up entirely of one cargo, usually carried \par from one shipper to one destination, and is an example of railroading\par at its most efficient. Most unit trains carry coal from a mine to a \par port or steel mill, where the coal is quickly unloaded by special \par equipment. Unit trains may travel thousands of miles without a \par consist change and can weigh up to 13,500 tons with their locomotives. \par \par Each business day in North America, approximately 100,000 freight \par cars are loaded at industria http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html l sidings, at team tracks, or by special \par equipment such as coal chutes. The average freight train consists of \par 66 cars, weighs 2080 tons, and travels at 17 mph, \par \par PAGE 136\par\par \par PAGE 137\par \par including all delays enroute. Within that average, however, are many \par varieties of trains such as a local delivering newsprint to a downtown \par newspaper, a long drag of coal cars headed from Virginia coalfields to \par Norfolk, or a fast freight of California produce headed for New York. \par \par Making Up Trains\par \par Trains are assembled in freight yards or terminals under the\par direction of a car distributor. His job is to supervise the break up\par of each train entering the terminal so that cars are placed into proper \par trains for the next stage of their journey. He receives information from \par the yard crew and the railroad's computers on what is arriving, and \par balances this information with empty car requests from shippers in \par his division and orders from other car distributors elsewhere on the \par line. \par \par The car distributor makes up a switch list that tells the yard crews \par on which tracks and in what order the new cars are to be placed. \par Within the yard certain classification tracks are assigned to each of \par the new trains being made up, the west bound local, the east bound \par local, the through freight to the next major terminal, etc. Within these \par trains, cars headed to similar destinations, such as a paint or \par furniture factory, are kept together in blocks. Blocks are placed in the \par trains in the order that they are to be dropped off. \par \par The work of the yard crew is done by either flat or gravity \par switching. In flat switching a relatively light locomotive is used to \par get the waiting cars and place them into the new train. This is a slow \par and laborious process, req http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html uiring many engine movements, track switches, \par and a nimble crew. This push-and-pull switching has been part of \par railroading from its earliest days, and is still carried on in all small \par yards and even some large ones. \par \par Where possible, railroads alternatively employ gravity switching. \par In this process the arriving train is slowly pushed up a hill or hump, \par and each car is automatically uncoupled at the summit. The free car \par then rolls down the hill and is switched and braked from a control \par tower so as to arrive in the correct classification track. The work of\par the yard crew is reduced to pushing the train over the hump. The \par classification work is done by the tower staff. \par \par PAGE 137\par\par \par PAGE 138\par \par A hump yard was first successfully operated on the London & North\par Western at Edge Hill, near Liverpool, in 1873. The Pennsylvania \par Railroad opened the first American hump yard in America at Greensburg in \par 1882. In these early yards, men were stationed at each switched down \par the hill and signalled to properly direct the cars. Other men actually\par rode the cars down, turning the brakes by hand to control car speed. \par Cars were classified by clerks who checked the waybills from the \par arriving conductor and marked the cars with chalk.\par \par Today the hump switches are controlled electrically from the tower, \par and the cars are slowed by retarders along the tracks that squeeze against\par the wheels as they pass. The drop of the hill and the classification \par tracks are carefully designed to help control car speed. Cars are \par classified by electronic codes read off their sides, and the information \par is almost immediately available on the tower's computer. A single hump \par yard can classify up to 1500 cars in an 8 hour day, and as many as 3,500 \par in a three shift day.\par http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html \par Once the classification is complete, the train is pulled forward into\par a departure yard, and road locomotives join up. In some cases the\par classification yard produces only blocks of cars, and in the departure \par yard the blocks are assembled in station order to be dropped off, and \par then the road locomotives join. At this point the train is ready for\par its journey. \par \par Moving Trains\par \par The primary revenue producing railroad operation is moving trains \par from one place to another. In the United States today the average\par mile of track in freight service carries about 5.5 trains per day. \par However, 67 percent of the traffic travels over only 20% of the existing \par mileage, so the mainlines carry much more of the load.\par \par Once all the track and yards are in place, the efficient movement \par of trains depends on having the correct locomotive available for power, \par a safe way of controlling congestion, and a good mix or schedule of \par trains operating to meet the demand for service.\par \par When the early railroads converted from horses to steam, man \par loaded cars could be put into a train because of the enormous increase \par in motive power. The first steam locomotives were not differentiated \par by task, but as the technology improved, some designs were found \par \par PAGE 138\par\par \par PAGE 139\par \par capable of greater speed and others more pulling power. At this time \par the distinction began to be made between smaller fast trains, primar- \par ily for passengers, and slower, more powerful trains, primarily for \par freight. \par \par Fewer but larger drive wheels produced higher speeds when pulling \par relatively light loads. This resulted in the popular American and \par Ten-Wheeler designs in the United States, and the graceful single \par driver locomotives in Britain. T http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html hese locomotive types remained useful \par and popular from the 1840's until the 20th Century, when increased \par train sizes and new technology passed them by.\par \par Where pulling power was more important than speed, especially \par over the grades typically found in North America, new designs such as \par the Mogul and Consolidation developed. With their heavier weight and \par greater traction, they were capable of pulling greater train weights \par and climbing grades. In England the 0-6-0 goods engine performed a \par similar service for many years with very little design change.\par \par On United States railroads today, diesel-electric locomotives \par provide most of the power, and they have proved to be much more \par versatile than their steam ancestors. Only six different basic \par locomotive types are now being built, ranging from light industrial \par switchers to Amtrak's 3600 horsepower passenger engines. These types \par are differentiated by horsepower and traction, and within types, gear \par ratios can be adjusted to change running speeds.\par \par A railroad meets its power demands by choosing a locomotive type \par of certain gear ratio, and linking several engines together if \par necessary. In this way an efficient amount of power, traction, and \par speed is provided for moving the train in question.\par \par Once the train is powered and ready to move, it is placed in the \par hands of dispatchers who control movements over the road. The track \par of the railroad is divided into manageable parts, usually called \par divisions, each with its own dispatcher. His job is to move trains \par over the tracks efficiently and safely. He must allocate a limited \par resource, space on the tracks, among the waiting trains so that the \par railroad fulfills its obligations with a minimum of trains sitting \par idle.\par \par To help dispatc http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html hers do their jobs, trains historically have been \par rated for importance, with higher class trains being given priority \par over \par \par PAGE 139\par\par \par PAGE 140\par \par others. The highest value trains are normally the fastest, as well. \par Dispatchers organize train movements by first planning the schedule \par of the highest value train, then the second highest value, etc. \par \par Passenger and express freight trains were normally given priority \par over freight trains due to the relatively high revenue of a passenger \par train and the high public profile of the passenger business. Among \par passenger trains, the crack express trains were normally given \par priority over their entire route. Next in value were through trains. \par Local passenger trains still had priority over most freight trains, but \par occasionally an express fast freight was more important. \par \par Among the freight trains, regularly scheduled fast freights were \par normally given priority, but a special freight that was put on might \par override the normal arrangement. The lowest priority freights were the \par locals, stopping many times along the division to set out and pick up \par cars. They had to get out of the way of just about everything. \par \par Once the dispatcher has an understanding of the priority of trains \par expected to pass over his division, he plans how the movement is to \par take place and passes out the orders to the trains. In these orders the \par conductors on the trains are told when the train should be at various \par points on the line. If this timetable is followed then the railroad \par should be running efficiently.\par \par The dispatcher then oversees the movement of trains from his tower \par by keeping track of their location on a control board. On this board \par are displayed the various tracks and switches of the line and the \ http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html par current positions of all trains, stopped or moving.\par \par The track of the division on the board, as well as on the line, is \par divided into blocks by signal towers. Once a train has entered a block, \par that block is normally closed to all other trains until the first train \par has passed through. By this system, if the signals are properly \par obeyed, collisions are avoided. \par \par Inside each train's locomotive, the crew conducts the movement of\par their train as ordered. The dispatcher monitors their position on his \par board by messages from signal towers reporting passing trains, and \par from direct communication with the locomotive crew if necessary. Due \par to any number of factors such as accidents, engine trouble, bad \par weather, etc., the dispatcher's original plan often must be modified. \par \par PAGE 140\par\par \par PAGE 141\par \par By changing signals and switches, the dispatcher can hold up or \par reroute certain trains to let others pass.\par \par The crew on the train can only control whether the trains moves \par forward or backward, and train speed. Where the train moves is \par controlled by how the dispatcher sets the switches the train passes \par over. By his control of switches, signals, and train orders, he \par orchestrates the movement of the trains.\par \par On some parts of the railroad, especially in mountain districts or \par on single tracks, the movement of trains presents especially \par interesting problems for the dispatcher and train crews. Where the \par problem is an extended region of steep grades that sharply reduce train \par speed, the solution is often to change locomotives at the beginning of \par the mountain region. More powerful mountain engines pull the train over \par the grades, and then hand the train over to lighter engines more suited \par for speed on the level land below.\par \p http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ar Where the problem is a single relatively short grade and the line \par is not crowded, an alternative solution is doubling the grade. In this \par maneuver the locomotive takes half the train only to the top of the hill, \par leaves it in a summit siding, returns for the other half, and then \par rejoins the parts at the top and continues downhill. \par \par Another solution to the grade problem is adding helper engines, \par either as pushers or double heads. A pusher engine joins the train at \par the bottom of the grade by coupling on the end, and then applies its \par power to the back of the train. When the summit is reached the pusher \par uncouples while moving and the train continues with minimum stopping. \par Double heading places an extra locomotive at the front of the train. \par This requires more switching and time, but is desirable for \par passenger trains because it reduces the discomfort that normally \par results from the combination of pushing and pulling engines.\par \par On single tracks the dispatcher must deal with trains coming \par together from opposite directions, called meets, and faster trains \par overtaking slower trains, called passes. Operations on single track \par roads require the judicious placement of double-ended passing tracks \par where trains can pass each other. Passing tracks are designed to hold \par entire trains where possible, but terrain, right-of-way cost, and local \par \par PAGE 141\par\par \par PAGE 142\par \par ordinances often prevent this and the dispatcher must keep in mind\par the variable size of sidings when planning meets.\par \par Where one or both meeting trains do not fit on sidings they must\par stop and maneuver past each other by breaking up the trains and \par moving manageable parts back and forth until they are entirely clear.\par These maneuvers are known as saws when one train only can fit on\p http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ar the passing track and double saws when neither train fits on the\par passing track.\par \par An efficient railroad keeps an adequate schedule of trains running \par along its routes to provide service that is competitive. This\par schedule depends on a proper mix of locomotive and car types being \par available and proper management of moving trains by crews and\par dispatchers. An inefficient railroad can have the wrong equipment \par attempt a task, raising costs, offer an inadequate schedule, or\par regularly fail to meet its schedule and lose customers to the compe- \par tition. \par \par PAGE 142\par\par \par PAGE 143\par \par STEAM LOCOMOTIVES\par \par Introduction\par \par The enduring symbol of railroading is the steam locomotive, one\par of the most marvelous and fascinating machines that man ever created. \par They were tangible proof in their time of mankind's ability to conquer \par the known world with technology. In the span of one generation, the \par speed limit at which people could travel rose from the few miles per \par hour limit that had remained constant since the domestication of the \par horse, to nearly 100 mph. For their day they were a combination of the \par automobile, the airplane, and the space shuttle.\par \par The marvel of the machines is that they were so large and so \par solidly heavy, yet could move so fast and so gracefully. That they \par could move at all seemed a great achievement when their mass was viewed \par up close, and it was difficult to comprehend how the power was generated \par to pull the enormous loads they dragged. They were incredible machines \par in their day, consisting mainly of a fireplace and a tank full of water, \par but capable of great power and speed. \par The fascination with steam locomotives derives from their physical \par presence and from watching, smelling, and hearing them work. Standi http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ng \par next to one of the last generation of steam locomotives, you cannot \par help but feel dwarfed by its height and breadth. The polished \par connecting rods look like the largest wrenches ever made, and the top \par of the drive wheels are at eye level or more for most people. Standing \par near a moving locomotive you feel the perceptible tug of the machine \par driving past, pulling the wind with it, and sucking you off of your \par feet. \par \par At rest the engine gives little indication of its capability. The \par only apparent movement in a fired up locomotive are tendrils of smoke \par and steam, and possibly the preparations of the train crew. In motion, \par the locomotive is the picture of undeniable, massive power. The wheels \par turn, the burnished connecting rods shimmer, the dust rises, and the \par smoke and steam puff from the stack, all in a delightfully precise \par choreography. \par \par The smells of the locomotive are the smells of engines: oil, grease, \par coal, hot metal, a roaring fire, and boiling water. This is the no \par nonsense smell of work being done.\par \par The sounds of a steam locomotive give it credence as a living, \par breathing being. The hiss of an idle engine sounds like the boiling of \par the giant teapot that the locomotive nearly is. The chuff-chuff of steam \par \par PAGE 143\par\par \par PAGE 144\par \par escaping the cylinders and venting through the stack is the breath of\par this colossal iron horse. The blast of the steam whistle, whether in the\par distance or up close, is the call to travel and adventure. The clanging \par bell of a locomotive approaching a station means your wait is just about \par over, or your adventure is about to begin. \par \par In most of the industrialized nations, the steam locomotive no longer \par works hard for a living, but is kept running as a tourist attraction or \p http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ar museum piece. That so many are still operating is a testament to the \par fascination they inspire.\par \par Making Steam\par \par When water is heated in a container, it begins to boil, or be\par converted into a hot gas of water vapor called steam. The important \par factor in this process is that steam takes up a much greater volume\par of space than the equivalent amount of water, over 1500 times as \par much space. If the steam in the container cannot escape, the energy \par of expansion becomes pressure building up inside the container. If the\par pressure gets high enough it splits the container open.\par \par The objective of all steam engines is to capture the pressure of the \par expanding steam and make it do work. This is usually accomplished by \par building up the pressure to a certain level in a boiler, and then opening \par a path of low resistance that the pressurized steam can escape down. \par Along the escape path, however, the steam must push a partially resistant \par blockage out of the way. This blockage is a piston, and the steam \par pressure forces it back down a cylinder until a valve opening is \par uncovered allowing the steam to escape.\par \par By opening and shutting separate escape paths from the \par \par PAGE 144\par\par \par PAGE 145\par \par boiler, steam pressure is alternatively directed to opposite sides of \par the piston, pushing it back and forth. This push-pull motion of the \par piston can then be converted to power.\par \par The first step in making steam in a steam locomotive is to boil \par water. This is done in the boiler, the long tank that makes up most \par of the length of the locomotive. At the back of the boiler, just in \par front of the cab where the crew is located, is the fire box. In the fire \par box the fire is built that heats the water. In the early locomotives \par wood was the usual fue http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html l, but coal became more common later on. Some \par locomotives burned oil where it was cheaply available. \par \par The fire is fed by hand or automatic loaders. The draft necessary \par to provide oxygen comes from a grate at the bottom of the fire box \par and is pulled through the box and out tubes that extend through the \par boiler to the smoke box below the smokestack. Air passes through \par the grate and is heated in the firebox. As it passes down the tubes \par to vent out of the stack, it heats the water that surrounds the tubes \par in the boiler. In this way the heat of the fire is transferred to the \par water, making it boil and convert into steam.\par \par Inside the boiler the steam begins to accumulate, gradually filling \par and expanding. When it tries to expand, it has no outlet and the \par pressure inside the boiler increases instead. When the pressure gets \par sufficiently high, the locomotive is said to have "steam up" and be \par ready to move.\par \par While the locomotive is getting up steam, the crew is overseeing the \par process. The fireman is responsible for building the fire and \par maintaining sufficient water in the boiler. The engineer lubricates the \par connecting rods and other working parts of the locomotive, inspecting it \par for any prob- \par \par PAGE 145\par\par \par PAGE 146\par \par lems. As steam builds the engineer keeps track of the pressure to be \par ready when the locomotive can move.\par Steam Power\par \par When one steam pressure is sufficient, the engineer opens the\par throttle. This opens the escape path for the steam down the "dry pipe"\par to the cylinder valves and pistons. The valves pass the steam through\par into the cylinders where the steam builds up pressure against the\par piston. The piston is designed to give way under sufficient pressure\par and it begins to move backwards. \par \par http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html The pistons are connected by massive rods and other connecting gear \par to the drive wheels. The motion of the pistons is converted by the \par complicated connecting gear into movement by the wheels in one \par direction, either forward or backward.\par \par At the same time, the cylinder valve over the piston is connected \par to the wheels and the wheel motion moves the valves back and forth. \par The motion of the valves opens and closes vents into and out of the \par piston cylinder for the entry of new steam and exhaust of spent steam \par from the opposite sides of the piston.\par \par The engineer controls the speed of the locomotive with the throttle. \par By opening and closing the throttle he lets more or less steam into the \par cylinders. The amount of steam let in controls how fast the pistons \par move back and forth, and thus the speed of the engine. \par \par Development and Decline\par \par By the 1850's, most of the basic principles of steam locomotive \par power had been discovered. Thereafter, the development of the \par locomotive was a matter of making them larger and more powerful, \par and only a few significant advances in technology were made. The \par larger weight and increased power was made possible by the availability \par of cheap steel that could be made into the heavy rails necessary for \par the support of heavy trains and engines.\par \par One of the most important later inventions was the idea of using \par the exhaust steam from the cylinders, now low pressure steam, to \par power a low pressure cylinder. This was called compounding, and the \par massive compound engines of the 20th Century were the pinnacle of \par steam locomotive development. The Union Pacific Big Boy, a 4-8-8-4 \par weighing over 500 tons, was capable of generating over 5,000 horse- \par power. \par \par PAGE 146\par\par \par PAGE 147\par \par S http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html team locomotives were made obsolete by the development of the diesel-\par electric locomotive in the 1930's, even though steam power continued in \par use on North American roads into the late 1950's.\par \par The advantages of the diesels were mainly that they were cheaper to \par operate and more reliable. Diesels could be linked together in tandem \par under the control of one crew and do the work of several steam \par locomotives and crews. Diesels also converted more of the energy from \par their fuel into power. \par \par Despite their obvious inferiority, however, steam locomotives are \par still in use in a few nations, notably China and South Africa, where \par coal is plentiful and oil dear. In addition, railroad buffs and museums \par in the industrialized nations have preserved a remarkable number of \par operating steam locomotives. The thrill of seeing a steam locomotive \par in full flight is still to be felt, even if only on Saturday afternoons. \par \par PAGE 147\par\par \par PAGE 149\par \par 7. NOTES AND CREDITS\par \par RAILROAD TYCOON WORLDS\par \par Map Generation\par \par When starting a new game of Railroad Tycoon you choose one of 4 \par different worlds for the location of your railroad. Your choices are: \par \par Eastern USA, 1830 \par Western USA, 1866 \par England, 1828 \par Europe, 1900 \par \par Each world approximates the geography of the region portrayed, \par but no world exactly duplicates the real geography. Each new map is \par generated from a base map that represents the economic geography \par prior to the time period of your game. From this point a new mix of \par resources and industrial growth is placed. \par \par As a result of this process, each game you play must be different \par because the growth of cities and location of industry is never the same. \par In one game New York http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html is a great city, but in the next it may be just a \par village. The best location for railroads is therefore different from \par game to game. \par \par Once you have made your opening choices of play options, the game \par begins by placing you at the Regional Display. In order to read the \par map of this display you must refer to the Regional Map Chart in the \par Technical Supplement. This chart explains what type of geography \par is represented on the map by each color. \par \par Specific Map Features\par \par The worlds in Railroad Tycoon differ slightly in the mix of \par resources and industries that are present. These separate mixes \par result in some different cargos being available only in one world or \par another. For a description of the map icons and what they represent \par in each world, refer to the World Economies Chart on the Player Aid \par Cards. \par \par PAGE 149\par\par \par PAGE 150\par \par The Western USA world has some unique features. Revenue earned for \par carrying cargos on east-west routes are double what would be normally \par expected. Revenues earned for carrying cargos on north-south routes \par are half what would normally be expected. These effects are designed \par to encourage east-west railroads. In addition, completing a railroad \par connection from the east side of the Mississippi River on the right side \par of the world to the Pacific Coast on the left side of the world earns a \par $1,000,000 bonus for achieving a transcontinental railroad.\par \par Game Scale\par \par The four game maps have been built in a square grid. Each position \par on the grid is referred to as a map square throughout this manual. The \par speed of trains, the distance they travel, and the distance effect on \par revenue earned is kept consistent between the worlds, despite the fact \par that the worlds have been built to different sc http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ales. In addition, \par adjustments are made when building or traveling in a diagonal direction \par to account for the difference in distance when traveling diagonally, as \par opposed to horizontally or vertically within a grid. \par \par Game Time\par \par A game of Railroad Tycoon is broken into fiscal periods for \par accounting purposes, and each period lasts two years. At the end of \par a fiscal period, you are normally shown a number of fiscal reports to \par review that concern your railroad and any competing railroads that \par may exist. \par \par While your reports detail the operations of your railroad for two \par years, the numbers are actually derived from the operations of your \par trains for only one 24 hour day, converted into what would be expected \par from these operations over an entire year. The operation of one of your \par trains in the 24 hour period, represents many trains running that \par route over the two years.\par \par When a Train Arrival Announcement reports the arrival of one of \par your trains at a station, the time of the arrival is also noted. The \par hour of the arrival corresponds to the 24 months in the fiscal period. \par 12:00 AM corresponds to January of the first year, 1:00 AM to February \par of the first year, etc. \par \par PAGE 150\par \par PAGE 151\par \par LOCOMOTIVE ROSTER\par The locomotives included in Railroad Tycoon were chosen to represent \par important historical designs and evolving technology. When each game \par begins, only one or a few locomotive types are available for purchase by \par your railroad. As time passes, technology improves and better locomotives \par can be purchased. Eventually the older types cease production and are \par thereafter not available.\par \par Each locomotive included in the game is listed below with an \par illustration and descriptive notes. Included with t http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html he notes are some \par suggestions on how best to employ the locomotive types in the game. \par The North American locomotives appear in the Eastern and Western USA \par games, and the European engines appear in the England and Europe games. \par \par North American Locomotives\par \par 0-4-0 Grasshopper: The first of these locomotives was built by \par Phineas Davis of York, Pennsylvania, winning a $4,000 prize offered \par by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad for a 3-1/2 ton coal burning \par locomotive. They were called grasshoppers because their motion \par resembled that insect. They were front heavy, moving with a pitching \par motion, and their vertical rods moved up and down to power the wheels \par like a grasshopper's hind legs. These four wheeled vertical boiler \par engines were ideal for the sharp curves of the B&O and were the \par railroad's main power by the mid-1830's.\par \par These are the only locomotives available at the start of a game in \par the Eastern USA, so you have no choice. Use them for everything but \par note they are not particularly fast, even when pulling only one car. \par \par 4-2-0 Norris: William Norris of Philadelphia built the first of his \par Norris type locomotives for the Philadelphia & Columbia in 1834 and \par its performance, especially on a steep incline, was sensational. The \par design was simple, sturdy, and versatile enough to be useful through- \par out America, and influence European designs as well. The Norris type \par was noteworthy for its bar frames, outside cylinders at the smokebox, \par the Bury firebox, and placement of the driving axle in front of the\par firebox to improve adhesion.\par \par This is the first modern locomotive available in America and the \par performance of your trains can be substantially improved in both speed\par \par PAGE 151\par\par \par PAGE 152\par \par and pulling power by re http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html placing your grasshoppers with it. No other \par locomotive replacement has this impact. \par \par 4-4-0 American: The most popular locomotive type in North America from \par the middle to late 1800's, with over 25,000 being built. Noted for its \par ability to handle heavy loads over varied routes, its ability to operate \par over uneven tracks, simple construction, low initial cost, and ready \par maintenance, it was the ideal general purpose locomotive for the period \par of westward expansion. It became the national engine because it answered \par every need. \par \par Use the American for most of your long haul trains, especially those \par hauling passengers or mail. When cars are kept to three or less, the \par locomotive can maintain very good speeds. \par \par 2-6-0 Mogul: The mogul engine type was developed to power heavy, fast\par freight trains that were too much for the American type which it bettered \par in tractive power by nearly 50%. The wheel arrangement had been tried as \par early as 1852, but a really successful mogul engine was not built until \par 1864. The mogul type was on its way to replacing the American as a \par national type, at least for freight service, but was itself replaced by \par the 2-8-0 before it was firmly established. \par \par By the time this locomotive comes available, you maybe running large\par or long freight trains. Add a car or two to these trains if the business \par is there, and put Moguls at their head. These trains can then maintain \par their previous speed, while delivering more cargo. Placing a Mogul on a \par passenger train, however, is wasting money. \par \par 4-6-0 Ten-Wheeler: This was the second most popular wheel arrangement \par of the 19th Century in North America, and it began to seriously rival \par the American after 1860. First used as freight engine, it \par \par PAGE 152\par\par \par P http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html AGE 153\par \par was recognized by the 1850's as useful in general service. By the \par 1880's the dogma of specialized motive power for each class of service \par relegated the Ten-Wheeler to passenger service. It served on mainline\par passenger trains until about 1910 when heavier engines were required.\par \par Use the locomotive for high speed trains carrying mail, passengers, \par and fast freight. They can maintain the speed of Americans while \par pulling one or more additional cars. Alternatively, put them on long \par runs with a few cars and they set speed records. \par \par 2-8-0 Consolidation: This wheel arrangement was originally introduced \par in the late 1860's for slow pusher service, but by the middle 1870's its \par value as a road engine was recognized. It was built in larger numbers \par than any other single wheel arrangement, approximately 33,000 between \par 1866 and 1950. The original Consolidation was designed by Alexander \par Mitchell in 1865 and incorporated all the elements that made the 2-8-0 \par a success. When the Erie replaced its 4-4-0s with Consolidations in \par 1876, it found that the heavier engine could pull trains of twice the \par weight, while reducing expenses from 96 cents to 53 cents per ton-mile.\par \par Use this locomotive for long, heavy freights, or for trains passing \par over steeper grades. \par \par 4-6-2 Pacific: Baldwin Locomotive Works claims the first Pacific type, \par delivered to New Zealand in 1901, although locomotives going back to 1889 \par had the wheel arrangement. Early into the 20th Century the Pacific \par became the preferred locomotive for almost all express passenger\par \par PAGE 153\par\par \par PAGE 154\par \par trains and many fast freights, and they remained useful after being \par replaced on the top trains in the 1930's by 4-6-4 Hudsons. About 7000 \par were built in the United http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html States.\par \par By the time the locomotive is available, you probably have some \par very long runs on your line. Use the Pacific to haul fast trains on the \par long distances. It can maintain very high speeds if not burdened \par with too many cars. \par \par 2-8-2 Mikado: The first 2-8-2s were built in 1897 for a railway in \par Japan, hence the name. The type was introduced in the United States in\par 1903, and it grew in popularity. It became the most common freight\par locomotive in the United States, partly because it was specified as an \par authorized design by the federal government when US railroads were \par briefly nationalized for World War I. They were again built in large \par numbers during World War II and exported after the war as part of the \par Marshall Plan. Although more often known as "Mikes" in the United States,\par during World War II their class name was changed to "McArthur" by \par sensitive railroad managements. \par \par This is a heavy freight engine for pulling long trains. Use it to \par replace Consolidations when you want to add a car or two to the train \par consist. \par \par 4-6-6-4 Mallet (Challenger class): In the late 1800's Anatole \par Mallet, a Swiss engineer, developed the design of the compound, or \par articulated, locomotive with a rear group of drive wheels powered by \par high pressure steam and a forward group of wheels powered by the \par residual low pressure steam. Work on this design continued with the \par first large mallet, an 0-6-6-0, appearing on the B&O in 1904. This\par type proved very popular as power for heavy freights and pusher \par engines. The final era of the mallets, and the final development of\par steam power, was marked by the Challenger class 4-6-6-4 locomotives \par that appeared in the 1930's. Weighing nearly 300 tons and exerting\par over 5000 horsepower, yet capable of running spe http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html eds over 70 mph, \par Challengers \par \par PAGE 154\par\par \par PAGE 155\par \par were used for heavy freights and mountain passenger trains.\par \par The most powerful North American steam locomotive in the game, use \par it for your heaviest freight trains and for passenger trains that must \par negotiate steep grades. \par \par EMD F Series Diesel-Electric: In 1939 the Electro-Motive Division of\par General Motors sent a 4 unit diesel locomotive on a 83,764 mile tour \par over 20 major American railroads to demonstrate its capabilities. \par The demonstrator units consistently outperformed their steam competition\par and suffered no mechanical failure, convincing railroads of their \par worthiness. Within 20 years steam disappeared from American railroads. \par The demonstrators developed into the F series of cab (A) and booster (B)\par units that could be geared for variable speeds and equipped for passenger \par traffic. Over 7,000 F diesels were built until production stopped in 1953\par due to the increasing popularity of hood diesel units and declining \par passenger traffic.\par \par Useful for any train that is relatively small and needs to move fast, \par the diesels additional advantage is that their maintenance costs are \par substantially lower than steam locomotives. \par \par PAGE 155\par\par \par PAGE 156\par \par EMD GP Series Diesel-Electric: Responding to the desire of railroads for \par a road switcher locomotive, capable of switching as well as some road work, \par in 1949 EMD produced the first of its GP (general purpose) series. It was \par an immediate success and an improved version remains in production today. \par The structural strength of the locomotive is in the frame, and the hood \par serves only to protect the mechanical parts. In addition, the hood gives \par the engineer very good vision in both directions, and allows easy access http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html to \par the motors. It is available in different gear ratios and capable of being \par linked together under the control of one engineer, making it very flexible \par in use.\par \par Use the GP diesel to replace aging steam freight engines, because \par the GP, like the F series, has substantially lower maintenance costs. \par \par 2-2-0 Planet class: Delivered by the Stephensons to the Liverpool \par & Manchester Railway in October, 1830, the Planet proved to be very \par successful for its day. Its major innovation was to put the cylinders at \par the front end, helping to distribute the weight of the engine. The Planet \par proved to the world that reliable steam locomotives could be built, and \par laid the foundation of the fortune of Robert Stephenson & Co., locomotive \par builders. However, the design was flawed by problems with forged crank \par axles and by its short wheelbase with the firebox outside it at the rear. \par Axles failed, and the engine had a tendency to pitch continually, \par threatening to derail. \par \par You must use the Planet in England at the start as it is your only \par choice, but replace it as soon as you can when the Patentee becomes \par available. If possible, keep its train lengths to only one or two cars. \par \par 2-2-2 Patentee: The Stephensons continued to develop the Planet design, \par adding a third axle and removing the flanges from the large center drive \par wheels. The result was less force on the drive axle, lower axle loading \par on the L&M's track, no pitching, and allowance for an even larger \par firebox. The improvements were patented, hence the \par \par PAGE 156\par\par \par PAGE 157\par \par name "Patentee". The Patentee type, with variations and improvements, \par was constructed by most locomotive builders in England and Europe from \par 1835 to 1845. Patentees, built either in England or at home, w http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ere the \par first locomotives to run in several countries, including Belgium, Holland, \par Italy, and Russia. \par \par The Patentee is useful for all types of trains, but should not be \par asked to pull more than three cars. It substantially improves the service \par of your road by easily surpassing the Planet in speed and power. \par \par 4-2-0 Iron Duke Class: The Iron Duke was an express engine designed by \par Daniel Gooch for the 7 foot gauge Great Western Railway and built in their \par own shops in 1847. The long wheel base made for stable running but \par required ample curves. The broad gauge allowed a larger firebox and thus \par greater steam production. These locomotives and their immediate \par descendants, the slightly modified Lord of the Isles class, were extremely \par successful, consistently demonstrating high speed and stability. Oft he 29\par Lords class built beginning in 1851, 23 were still in service on express \par trains in 1892 when the broad gauge was abolished. \par \par Place these locomotives into service on all of your fast trains as soon \par as you can afford them. They can pull 2 cars at very good speed, and 3 or \par even 4 reasonably.\par \par 0-6-0 Dx Goods: A universal freight, or goods, engine designed by John\par Ramsbottom for the London & North Western Railway, the class was built\par from 1855 to 1872. They were simple but sturdy, and very popular with \par 943 being built, a record number for any type of English locomotive. They\par served for nearly all types of freight business, and after reboilering, \par some continued to run until 1930.\par \par Replace any type locomotive on freight service pulling 3 or more cars\par with this locomotive as soon as possible. None of its predecessors can \par pull cars or climb grades as well.\par \par PAGE 157\par\par \par PAGE 158\par \par 4-2-2 Stirling 8 ft Single: http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html One of the loveliest and most graceful steam \par locomotives, it is named for the Locomotive Superintendent of the Great \par Northern, Patrick Stirling, and its 8 foot single drive wheel. They were \par built from 1870 to 1893, and finally withdrawn in 1916. While the \par standard express train was 6 compartment cars, the Stirlings handled all \par of the crack passenger trains of the GNR, including the then unofficial \par 10 AM King's Cross (London) to Edinburgh "Flying Scotsman". The advent \par of heavier "corridor" passenger cars and dining cars, reduced them to \par lesser tasks. \par \par This locomotive should be placed at the head of your fast trains, \par especially those carrying mail and passengers. Don't burden it with more \par than 3 or 4 cars because under those conditions it slows considerably and \par loses much of its value. \par \par 0-8-0 Webb Compound: Built by Francis Webb for the London & North \par Western to pull heavy coal trains, it was powerful but difficult to drive \par and expensive to maintain. The locomotive had outside high-pressure \par cylinders and a single low-pressure cylinder between the frames. In \par various modifications, over 470 were built and the last was not withdrawn \par until 1964. They were found especially useful in the mountainous \par regions in and near Wales.\par \par Place the Webb compound on your long and heavy freight trains, \par especially those moving in mountainous regions. Don't waste its power\par on passenger trains. \par \par PAGE 158\par\par \par PAGE 159\par \par 4-2-2 Johnson Midland Spinner: Though the single driver locomotive\par was thought obsolete by the late 1880's, Samuel Johnson of the Midland \par Railway designed this class, nicknamed Spinners, in 1887. The reason for \par his confidence was the recent invention of steam sanding gear which \par assured a steady supply of dry http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html sand under the drive wheel, sufficiently \par improving its adhesion to make the design again practical. The Midland \par competed with other companies at all of its passenger stops but one, and \par consequently operated many light trains at good speed to attract business. \par The Spinners served this need well, and remained in service well into the \par 20th Century, beautifully painted with the Midland's distinctive crimson \par colors. \par \par This locomotive is the ideal choice for a one or two car train that \par must travel at high speed. \par \par 4-4-0 Claud Hamilton Class: Between 1900 and 1923, 121 of these engines\par were built by the Great Eastern Railway for light express passenger \par service, mainly from London to the Norfolk coast. They incorporated a \par number of design features considered to be before their time, including\par a large cab with windows, power-operated reversing gear, and a water scoop \par (for picking up water from a trough between the rails without stopping). \par In addition, they burned waste oil from the company's oil-gas plant. Other\par modern features included an exhaust steam injector and a variable mouth \par blast-pipe for adjusting the amount of exhaust steam sent up the stack to \par improve the draft in the fire box. \par \par Another high speed locomotive for relatively light trains of 2 or 3 \par cars, possibly more if the grades are moderate. \par \par PAGE 159\par\par \par PAGE 160\par \par 4-6-2- A1 Class: The first class of Pacific locomotives to run in \par Britain, they were ordered in 1922 by Nigel Gresley, Locomotive \par Superintendent of the Great Northern Railway. Very attractive engines\par with graceful lines and a pleasing livery, they could pull as well as \par they looked. Beset at first with a number of irritating problems, after \par adjustment they established an excellent reputation. Beginni http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ng in the \par summer 1928, they ran the longest non-stop service in the world, 392 3/4 \par miles from London to Edinburgh. This was the Flying Scotsman, inherited \par by the London & North Eastern from the Great Northern when English rail- \par roads were amalgamated into four systems in 1923.\par \par An excellent locomotive for longer passenger trains and fast freights, \par use it to upgrade any non-bulk or non-slow freight of 3 or more cars. \par Also very useful for trains trying to cross substantial grades. \par \par 4-6-2 A4 Class: Possibly the most popularly known steam locomotive in \par Great Britain, this streamlined Pacific engine holds the world speed \par record for steam, 126 mph. Built from 1935 to 1938, they were not \par displaced from their role as express locomotives until the arrival of \par diesels in the 1960's. In the interim they powered the crack trains of \par the London & North Eastern, including "The Silver Jubilee" from London \par to Newcastle, the "Coronation", and the "West Riding Express". \par \par This is the best steam locomotive for crack passenger service, \par especially in areas where the grades are kept to a minimum. It can \par pull several cars at very high speeds, or moderate speed trains at good \par speed. Don't waste it pulling slow or bulk freight. \par \par PAGE 160\par\par \par PAGE 161\par \par 6/6 GE Class Crocodile: These electric locomotives were first put in \par service on the Swiss Rhaetian Railway, serving ski resorts in the Alps. \par Electricity was chosen because of the easy access to hydroelectric power\par and the lack of coal in Switzerland. The first crocodile, so named for \par their engine hoods, entered service in 1921 and proved much more powerful \par and reliable than the steam locomotives that were previously employed. \par The design was so successful that it was embodied in larger locomotives http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html \par for parts of the Swiss Federated Railways. As a tribute to their \par soundness, the entire class of these locomotives was still working in \par 1987 with the exception of the first built which was destroyed in an \par avalanche. \par \par This locomotive is very useful for moderate freight trains, especially \par those needing to negotiate steep grades. It is too slow for passenger \par service, but its low maintenance costs make it an attractive replacement\par for aging steam freight locomotives.\par \par 1-Do-1 Class E18: This electric express passenger locomotive entered \par service on the growing electrified network of the Deutsch Reichsbahn in \par 1935, and was the result of 9 years of evolution from earlier designs. \par The design was characterized by the four independent drive wheels within \par a rigid frame, guided at both ends by single trucks. They proved to be \par very fast and powerful, the most advanced electric locomotive in the \par world at the time, and 92 were ordered. However, the war intervened and \par only 53 were built. Two of the locomotives were in Austria at the end of \par the war and retained there. The Austrians copied the design, and for \par many years they were the fastest passenger locomotives in that country. \par \par PAGE 161\par\par \par PAGE 162\par \par Use these locomotives tv replace any aging steam locomotive in \par passenger service except possibly the A4. Like the diesels, all electric \par locomotives offer substantial savings in maintenance costs. \par \par 4-8-4 242 A1: Rebuilt in 1946 from a pre-war 4-8-2, this was the \par most powerful steam locomotive to run in Europe, and the most powerful \par locomotive of any type outside of North America. It was designed by \par Andre Chapelon after the 4-8-2 from which it originated proved a failure \par and an embarrassment to the government committee that had d http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html esigned it. \par The A1 developed 5,500 hp compared to 2,800 before rebuilding, and was \par similar in output to an American 4-8-4 which weighed 50% more. At a \par time when French railway brass were trying to convince the government\par to finance an expensive conversion to electric operation, the A1 proved \par an even greater embarrassment than it had as a failure in its previous \par life. It was more powerful than any existing electric locomotive and \par was sufficiently economical in coal consumption to nullify the savings \par of electrication. Unfortunately, the bureaucrats won out, and the only \par example of this superb locomotive was quietly broken up in 1960. \par \par When this locomotive becomes available it is a good choice for \par powering your longest and heaviest freight trains, as well as your \par longer fast trains. Its pulling power can make up for its maintenance \par cost. \par \par V200 B-B: These 1,100 hp diesel-hydraulic passenger locomotives were\par built as prototypes in 1953 for the German Federated Railway and went into\par production 3 years later. A diesel-hydraulic locomotive transmits its \par power directly to the drive wheels, not to \par \par PAGE 162\par\par \par PAGE 163\par \par electric traction motors as in a diesel-electric. They were designed \par for use on those parts of the railway that were not scheduled for \par electrication. By 1962 these locomotives were averaging 145,000 \par miles per year of service, pulling loads 30% higher than originally \par specified for the design. In the 1980's the number in service has been \par reduced due to further electrification.\par \par This locomotive is useful for pulling shorter trains, especially those \par carrying mail or passengers. However, don't ask this engine to perform \par in mountainous areas, it works best in the plains of central and northern \par Europe. \pa http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html r \par Bo-Bo-Bo RE Class 6/6: This heavy duty mixed traffic mountain\par locomotive entered service in 1972 on the difficult Swiss Federated\par Railway's St. Gothard mainline over the Alps. It provides an astounding \par 10,000 hp in a single unit, and was built to help cope with the steadily \par increasing tonnage moving over this route since the 1950's. The RE 6/6 \par developed from earlier designs stretching back to the 1930's, and are \par over 80% more powerful than their immediate precedents, the Ae 6/6, \par within the same weight limitations. In addition to being capable of all \par freight traffic, they are also suited for trains moving at the highest \par speeds allowed on the Swiss system. \par \par This is the locomotive for powering all heavy freight and passenger \par trains, especially in mountainous regions of the map. Its huge horse- \par power output means it can handle any load over any grade.\par \par TGV: The French TGV (Train a Grande Vitesse, literally "train with \par great speed") is a high speed articulated multiple unit electric train \par placed in service in 1981 between Lyons and Marseilles.\par \par PAGE 163\par\par \par PAGE 164\par \par The route between these two cities and on to Paris is the busiest in \par France and the TGV trains were intended to reduce congestion. \par Although the minimum speed for these trains is now limited to 168 \par mph, they have reached 236 mph, a world record. Each train consists \par of eight cars and two power units, one at each end. The train remains \par together as a unit. Most of the existing trains have first and second \par class accommodations, though a few are for first class or mail only. \par The special track on which they run has now been extended to Paris.\par \par Employ this locomotive on your fast trains, primarily mail and \par passenger. No locomotive in the game is capable of i http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ts speed. Heavier \par freight loads slow down the train dramatically, so leave those chores \par to the RE 6/6. \par \par PAGE 164\par\par \par PAGE 165\par TYCOON BIOGRAPHIES\par \par North American Tycoons\par \par The following historical figures may appear in a game of Railroad \par Tycoon as the president of a competing railroads. The management style \par of competing railroad presidents can be expected to reflect the per- \par sonality of these tycoons. One set of tycoons appear in games in North \par America, and another set appear in games in England or Europe.\par \par After the name of each tycoon is a letter in parentheses, either a "B", \par "R", or "M". A "B" indicates a builder, a man you can expect to \par concentrate on building the best railroad he can. An "R" indicates \par a robber baron, a man you can expect to be very active in the stock \par market. An "M" indicates a mixed personality, a man capable of both \par building and stock manipulation, but not particularly adept at either. \par \par Jay Cooke (M): Made a fortune during the Civil War selling Union war \par bonds that the government had been unable to move. In 1869 his firm, \par Jay Cooke & Company, undertook the financing of the Northern Pacific \par Railroad. Despite Cooke's good intentions and an early strong start in \par raising funds, the railroad stalled. Construction costs had soared and \par funds had dried up. Unable to pay his debts or interest on Northern \par Pacific bonds, Cooke's banking house closed, precipitating the Panic of \par 1873. \par \par Erastus Corning (M): A nailmaker and ironmonger, as Mayor of \par Albany he rode behind the Dewitt Clinton, the first locomotive and \par train to run on of the Mohawk & Hudson Railroad. He served for 20 \par years as president of the Utica & Schenectady, drawing no salary, but \par made a fortune supplying everything http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html the railroad needed in the way \par \par PAGE 165\par\par \par PAGE 166\par \par of iron. He formed the New York Central in 1853 by combining several \par small railroads linking Albany to Buffalo. Outmaneuvered by Cornelius\par Vanderbilt, he lost control of the NYC in 1867. \par \par Daniel Drew (R): Called the King of the Bears for his Wall Street \par short selling attacks, or bear raids. ("He that sells what isn't his'n, \par must buy it back or go to prison.") Gained control of the Erie Railroad\par in the Panic of 1857 and looted it ruthlessly with the help of Jay Gould\par and Jim Fisk who joined him after the Civil War. Was bankrupted by Gould \par after Drew left the Erie in 1868 and tried to raid it once more. \par \par Jim Fisk (R): A Vermont tin peddler, carnival sharpie, and stockbroker\par brought into the Erie Ring by Dan Drew to help with stock manipulations \par and speculations. With Jay Gould he attempted to corner the gold market \par in 1869. Gould forced him out of the Erie in 1872 because of criminal\par charges and scandals. He was shot by the boyfriend of his former \par mistress. \par John Forbes (B): Made his fortune as a young man with clipper ships in \par the China trade, and was persuaded to lead a group taking over the failing \par Michigan Central Railroad. He built it into Chicago, and turned his eyes \par farther westward. He bought the tiny Aurora Branch Railroad and \par eventually built it into the Chicago, Burlington, & Quincy. Praised by \par Ralph Waldo Emerson for his remarkable force, modesty, and goodness, \par uncommon traits in the railroad men of the era. \par \par Jay Gould (R): The shrewdest Robber Baron. Brought into the Erie Ring \par by Dan Drew, he directed the looting of the railroad as president from \par 1868 to 1872. He manipulated the stocks of several \par \par PAGE 166\par\par \par PAGE 167\par \p http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ar other railroads thereafter, and cheaply bought control of the scandal-\par plagued Union Pacific with funds looted from the Erie. He paid out large \par dividends and drove the UP stock to astounding prices, at which point he \par sold out. The new owners found a huge secret debt and unpaid interest \par due. He went on to buy up and manipulate the stock of several other \par railroads including the Missouri Pacific, the Texas & Pacific, and the \par Wabash. Died rich at his estate in Lyndhurst, New Jersey in 1892. \par \par Jim Hill (B): The greatest American railroad entrepreneur, he built \par the Great Northern from Duluth to Seattle without the government \par assistance claimed necessary by the other trans-Mississippi trunk lines. \par The Great Northern was the only trans-continental railroad built without \par land grants, and the only one not to go into receivership. Hill built \par and operated his road well and actively helped the settlers along it. He \par later proved an adept financier, taking over the failing Northern Pacific \par and the CB&Q to gain a link to Chicago. He was ruthless and tough when he \par had to be.\par \par J. Pierpont Morgan (R): The pre-eminent banker and financier of the \par late 1800's and early 1900's. He was an active force in consolidating \par and reorganizing railroads such as the Philadelphia & Reading, \par Chesapeake & Ohio, Erie, Norfolk & Western, Southern, and others. \par He helped Vanderbilt take over the New York Central, financed other \par railroad ventures, and eventually began running them himself, often \par placing a deputy in charge to keep his ownership secret. His ultimate \par dream of combining all US railroads into a cooperative cartel to reduce \par ruinous competition was squashed by the anti-trust campaigns of \par President Teddy Roosevelt. \par \par PAGE 167\par\par \par PAGE 168\par \par J. Edg http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ar Thompson (B): The man who made the Pennsylvania Railroad the \par best in the country, consistently outmaneuvering his rivals while set- \par ting and meeting the highest standards for engineering and efficiency. It \par was said that his power was so great that the state legislature would \par delay its adjournment until he had no more business for it to conduct. \par \par Cornelius Vanderbuilt (M): The "Commodore" made his fortune in shipping\par but sold out to get into railroads in 1857. After gaining control of the\par New York & Harlem Railroad and the Hudson River Line, he bitterly fought \par for and captured the New York Central. Combining these lines he \par eventually extended the NYC to Chicago. He furiously battled the Erie \par Ring and later fought the Pennsylvania Railroad until J. P. Morgan brought\par peace. At his peak he was the richest man in America. \par \par European Tycoons \par \par Isambard Kingdom Brunel (B): One of the most noted Victorian \par engineers, he was famous for the bridges and ships he built, including\par the colossal Great Eastern, an enormous iron ship and a wonder of the \par age. He was appointed engineer of the Great Western Railway at the age \par of 27 in 1833 and built it to the unprecedented gauge of 7 feet. His \par innovative and graceful engineering works, plus his exacting standards, \par made the Great Western and its subsidiaries the most efficient and \par smooth riding railroad in England. Great Western trains averaged 50 mph \par in comfort long before most other railroads could dream of such speed. \par \par George Hudson (R): Known as the "Railway King", he was a draper in \par York who invested an inheritance in railway shares and thereafter became \par active in railroad affairs. In 1837 he was appointed \par \par PAGE 168\par\par \par PAGE 169\par \par chairman of the York & North Midland Railway, an http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html d later was instrumental \par in the formation of the Midland Railway, becoming its chairman. His \par ambition was to unite all the railways of England under his control. He \par manipulated and schemed without principle, and at his peak controlled \par nearly one third of the track in use. His efforts helped trigger the \par Railway Mania of 1845 that swamped Parliament with worthless and \par fraudulent railway schemes. His financial collapse ended the mania.\par \par George Stephenson (B): A coal mine enginewright who went on to \par develop and demonstrate to the world a practical steam locomotive. He \par built some of the most famous English railways, including the Stockton & \par Darlington and the Liverpool & Manchester, and founded with his son the \par famous Robert Stephenson & Company locomotive works in Newcastle upon \par Tyne.\par \par Robert Stephenson (B): The son and co-worker of George Stephenson,\par and a brilliant engineer in his own right. He worked with his father \par in the design and construction of the first practical steam locomotives, \par and operated their locomotive works that supplied the first engines to \par many parts of the world. He was appointed engineer of the London & \par Birmingham Railway, completing it in 1838, and went on to build \par many lasting and famous engineering works. \par \par Napoleon III (M): His self-style "Emperor" loved expansion for \par the sake of glory, even if it incurred large debts. He promoted railway \par expansion by a law that guaranteed railroad bonds. In addition to \par weak financial thinking, Napoleon III was unable to manage complex \par problems. This eventually caused the ignominious collapse of his \par "empire". \par \par PAGE 169\par\par \par PAGE 170\par \par Benito Mussolini (M): This fascist leader of Italy (1922-45) was \par Hitler's " http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html model". Despite his many faults, Mussolini was said to have \par "made the trains run on time". However, his nepotistic bureaucracy \par was actually quite inept. Worse, a crushing debt load and a world- \par wide depression destroyed all attempts at Italian economic expansion. \par \par Otto von Bismarck (R): "Iron" Chancellor to the King (Kaiser) of \par Prussia, Bismarck unified Germany by forcing smaller neighbors to \par submit, through politics or war, as appropriate. Competent in finance \par and administration, he waited for sufficient strength or a golden \par opportunity before forcing a "unification." \par \par Helmuth von Moltke (B): As Chief of the German General Staff, \par 1900- 14, Moltke was a great planner and administrator. His detailed \par orders for railroads to mobilize and maneuver troops were very \par successful. He believed that a good attack may be the best defense. \par \par Czar Nicholas II (B): Last of his line, Nicholas was a weak and \par hesitant leader. Railroading progressed well when he had good \par advisors (such as the genius Serge Witte, who organized the vast \par Trans-Siberian line). \par \par Vladimir I. Lenin (M): Architect of the soviet governmental system, \par Lenin was a bold, gambling leader who returned to Russia in a "sealed \par train". He took over a weak, confused nation and started its rapid \par industrial expansion (during the 1920s and 30s).\par \par Charles de Gaulle (B): French head-of-state after WWII, he was \par concerned with growth and glory first, but unlike Napoleon III, de\par Gaulle had greater skill in administration and problem-solving. \par He vigorously defended all "French" possessions, but avoided overreach-\par ing expansion.\par \par Baron Rothschild (R): One of the greatest banking houses in Europe,\par the Rothschilds were financiers of many railroads. Ruthlessly efficient, \pa http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html r they bankrupted failures as quickly as they supported successes. Like \par most bankers, they disliked open warfare or conflict. Money and size \par were their chief weapons.\par \par PAGE 170\par \par PAGE 171\par \par DESIGNER'S NOTES\par \par The final product of any computer game project is determined by \par the strength of the central game concept, the ability and tastes of the \par designers, and the trial and error process of the game's evolution. \par Provided here is a brief description of how these elements were \par brought together to design Railroad Tycoon.\par \par The Railroad Tycoon design team consisted of Sid Meier, Bruce \par Shelley, and Max Remington, all working at MPS Labs, the software \par design studio of MicroProse Software.\par \par For Sid, Railroad Tycoon was most memorable as a game unlike \par any other he has made in his career. Knowing trains were "cool",\par he was challenged by the task of building them into a fun and \par interesting game. Bruce had worked on railroad games in a previous \par life, including the 1830 game mentioned below, and has had a \par longtime interest in railroad history. For him, Railroad Tycoon was \par the most interesting game project of a ten year career in games. Max\par joined the team after the basic mechanics were proved sound and jumped \par in with his normal unending stream of ideas and artwork. Inspired to \par build his own model railroad at home, he lived up to his nickname, \par "Maximum". \par \par The inspiration for Railroad Tycoon came from several sources. \par One was playing 1830, a boardgame about US railroads, during after \par hours gaming sessions here at MicroProse. Then Sid worked up a \par system for building and operating model railroads that looked like \par something right out of a model railroading magazine. In the Spring \par 1989 Bruce wrote a proposal for a rai http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html lroad game based on his \par experience with railroad boardgames, his interest in railroad history, \par and the play of the innovative new "sandbox" or "god' computer \par games that had recently appeared. \par \par The railroad game idea kicked around for some time, until in a \par burst of activity during a vacation in August of 1989, Sid built \par the first working prototype. This game was crude, but the potential \par was clearly there. A project underway at that time was put on hold and \par development of Railroad Tycoon went full-time.\par \par A central design problem was choosing the scope of the game. \par Sid's early game was a model railroading game. Bruce's proposal\par posed the player as the president and guiding force of a railroad, but \par \par PAGE 171\par\par \par PAGE 172\par \par it left out the tycoon competition so popular in 1830. The dilemma was \par how much to include in one game. \par \par In the end we automated much of the low end detail, such as \par throwing individual track switches, and concentrated on the higher \par end, you as president of your own railroad. We found that running a \par big railroad and having to fight off rivals made the most interesting \par game. \par \par We didn't forget train operations, however, and stretched the \par game to allow for that to be included. By having one day of train \par operations represent the operation of your entire railroad for two \par years, we retained the feel of day to day train operations within the \par framework of running a big railroad.\par \par By this decision we hope to have retained the appeal to real rail \par enthusiasts, while broadening the appeal to game players. We gained \par the evolution of locomotives and other technology, the changing of the \par game worlds as time passes, the influence of your railroad on the \par growth of cities, and competition o http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ver time with competing railroads. \par The more tedious details of train operation, not remembered as fun \par now anyway, are left for lower level managers on your "staff". \par \par The keys to making the details of train operation fun and \par challenging were the routing of trains by station, the different \par economies for each world, and the competition with rivals over \par territory and stations. \par \par Trains were previously routed by you acting as a switchman, setting \par switches to allow certain types and classes of trains to pass in \par one direction or another. The new system gives more of the feel of \par you being the dispatcher, planning the movement of trains and then \par letting them run. This system was one of the big breakthroughs in \par making the game work. \par \par The next big change was increasing the complexity of the original \par economy in which just five types of cargo existed: mail, passenger, fast \par freight, slow freight, and bulk. Now the whole map became important \par as you scanned for industrial sites and resources. The more complex \par arrangement of supply, demand, and conversion of cargos added a new \par dimension to play. \par \par PAGE 172\par\par \par PAGE 173\par \par The last major addition was the competing railroads. Before their \par inclusion, the game was just a puzzle, or a race to accumulate cash. \par Now players had some real worries: rate wars, stock takeovers, and \par being beaten into rich areas. In addition, they had some new oppor- \par tunities: takeovers resulting in more cash or an ally against another \par rival. \par \par The game originally was built for the Northeast USA, but we talked \par ourselves into expanding into England first, where railroading started, \par and then the Western USA and Europe. By making each world different in \par some manner, we hope that each has its o http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html wn flavor and interest.\par \par Giving the game as much variety as we could was one of our goals \par from the start. We think that the endless variation of the maps, the \par four different worlds, and the influence of your railroad on regional \par economic growth insure that no two games can be alike. In our \par experience no two games, nor any two people, play similarly, and \par different styles of play can succeed. We believe there is room for \par detailed operation, wide expansion, and financial wheeling and deal- \par ing as you wish.\par \par The player is the master of his own destiny. Each time you start \par a new game, you don't know how the game is going to go.\par \par We are very happy with the result of our work. Railroad Tycoon \par was a great project to work on, and we're not just talking about field \par trips to the Strasburg Railroad and the B&O Museum. We think we got \par just about everything in that we wished for, and even as we wind down \par from many months of intense work it remains a joy to play.\par \par We hope that Railroad Tycoon is as interesting, challenging, and \par fun to play as it was to design. \par \par Sid Meier \par Bruce Shelley \par MaX Remington \par March 2, 1990 \par \par PAGE 173\par\par \par PAGE 174\par \par PLAYER'S NOTES\par \par For new player's it is recommended that the reality levels all be \par set at the easy options. With more experience add the Complex Economy.\par then Dispatcher Operation, and finally Cut-Throat Competition.\par \par The most important part of building a new railroad is selecting an \par area of the world to start in. One option that often works well is to \par start your railroad between areas containing one or more cities each, 20 \par squares or less apart. Two areas such as this should be able to provide \par passenger traffic capable of generati http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ng substantial revenue right \par away. Then look to expand your mainline to other cities and extend \par branch lines to industries or resource areas.\par \par Also important when first starting out are the locations of \par industries and sites that generate the supply of cargos besides \par passengers and mail. Having a harbor on your line is very useful \par because in all worlds they demand at least some cargos, and in others \par they generate the supply of cargos as well.\par \par Concentrations of natural resource sites are useful because they \par tend to grow tn size with utilization. If you can get trains into a \par large natural resource area, it can pay to put on several large unit \par trains just to haul this resource.\par \par Also look for industry connections, such as those found in the \par tutorial railroad where coal is converted to steel and then into goods. \par You can then set up train routes like the one in the tutorial where one \par train carries all of the conversions, earning revenue on each delivery. \par Use Wait Until Full Orders to make such conversion trains more \par efficient by running full. \par \par When planning your track, minimize grades and curves, avoid 90 \par degree curves, and minimize bridges. These track features all have \par their uses, but they also slow your trains and sometimes limit what \par you can do. \par \par Double track where several trains are normally scheduled to use \par the same sections, but use signal towers as much as possible to \par increase speed rather than double track. Where to double track and \par where to place signals should be determined by how much traffic is \par moving past and how much cash you have to spend.\par \par The longer the distance between stations and the faster the trains \par that are running, the longer the distance you can afford between \par \par PAGE 174 http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html \par\par \par PAGE 175\par \par signals. If you break blocks at track switches with signal towers, you \par can prevent long blocks consisting of both mainline and branch line \par track.\par \par Signal towers at both ends of a bridge may be useful if the bridge \par washes out. You can then override the signals to Hold, and prevent \par trains from wrecking. \par \par Try not to get into a negative cash position, but also keep your \par outstanding bonds down. However, there may be times when the \par opportunity to expand or the purchase of new facilities or equipment \par can justify taking on a heavy debt. Refinance your bonds during boom \par times.\par \par Don't necessarily replace all of your locomotives just because a \par new model has become available. You must balance the cost of \par replacing a locomotive versus savings in maintenance costs and \par improved performance. Often an older design is more efficient at \par performing a task than a newer engine. When playing in the North- \par eastern USA or England, it usually pays to replace your Grasshoppers \par or Planets on better class trains as soon as you can afford to.\par \par If you have stations generating several carloads of mail each year, \par the high cost of improving them with post offices may pay, if you can \par put on trains carrying mail to take advantage of this supply. Use the \par other storage facilities as well to minimize the wastage of cargos and \par keep your trains as full as possible. For example, goods storage at \par USA harbors is helpful if you are carrying off the goods. Restaurants \par are usually a good investment for any station where passenger deliveries \par are made, but reserve hotels for the busier passenger stations. \par \par Because the time taken to switch on new cars at a consist change \par applies against the next movement of a train, the cost o http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html f a switching \par yards may be a good investment at stations where higher class cargos \par are being put on. The yard can help speed the cargo on its way and \par eventually repay your investment in higher revenues for deliveries.\par \par Keeping all of your trains adequately maintained reduces your \par maintenance costs but may require many strategically placed engine \par and maintenance shops. The decision of when to replace locomotives \par depends on their maintenance cost and the availability of better \par \par PAGE 175\par\par \par PAGE 176\par \par engines. You'll have to decide at what point would the lower mainte- \par nance cost of a newer engine repay its cost. \par \par When just getting started or building expansions, it may pay to \par freeze or slow time while you build. Adding new stations in January \par of the year and having trains ready to run to them can maximize the \par first year revenue bonus for deliveries to new stations.\par \par Plan your rate wars carefully, if possible, and try to win them \par quickly. They can be useful in blocking your competition and reducing \par his stock price, but are usually very costly to put in effect. The\par reduced revenue at a rate war station continues until the war is \par resolved. \par \par Adjust the length and consist of your trains to best suit the job \par they are to do. Shorter trains normally move faster, but for slow and \par bulk freight its more important to move quantity, regardless of speed \par or distance. Also keep the car types the same or within one class in \par each direction. Where trains are running empty in one direction, the \par return trip may be faster with just a caboose on the train instead of \par empty cars.\par \par Buy your own stock when it's cheap, or when you can afford it. \par Remember that you can't be thrown out of office if 50% of the stock is \pa http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html r in the treasury. Carefully consider local offers to buy more stock that \par may occur when you build into new cities. The cash may help, but \par diluting the stock makes it more difficult to raise the price. Buy the \par stock of your competitors, when you can afford it, as this at least \par forces them to buy as well. Take over competitors if you have the \par opportunity. This greatly improves your situation. \par \par As time passes, it is harder to keep up profits. To do so you will \par probably need fast trains carrying mail, passengers, and fast freight \par over long distances, or a great deal of slow and bulk freight deliveries. \par \par PAGE 176\par\par \par PAGE 177\par \par FURTHER READING\par \par A wide variety of sources were consulted for this game. No single \par source discusses locomotive specifications, railroad history, or railroad \par operations, especially for Europe as well as North America. Among the \par many books used, the following were found especially useful and are \par recommended for further reading: \par \par The American Heritage History of Railroads in America, by Oliver \par Jensen, American Heritage Publishing, New York, 1975. An excellent and \par well illustrated history of American railroading. \par \par Aboard a Steam Locomotive, a sketchbook, by Huck Scarry, Prentice-\par Hall, New York, 1987. A children's book, but nevertheless a well \par illustrated and simple explanation of how railroads and steam \par locomotives work. \par \par Early American Locomotives, by John H. White, Jr., Dover Publications, \par New York, 1972. A collection of locomotive engravings from early railroad \par literature.\par \par Cade's Locomotive Guide, by Dennis Lovett and Leslie Wood, Marwain, \par Bletchley, 1988. A guide for modeler's of British locomotives, but \par includes useful information and photos.\par \par http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html This Fascinating Railroad Business, by Robert Selph Henry, Third \par Edition, Revised, The Bobbs-Merrill Company, New York, 1946. \par Includes a variety of interesting details about the history of \par constructing and operating railroads until the time of its being \par published.\par \par The Great Book Of Trains, by Brian Hollingsworth and Arthur \par Cook, Portland House, Crown Publishers, New York, 1987. A major \par source of locomotive information. Includes some beautiful \par illustrations.\par \par The Guinness Railway Book, by John Marshall, Guinness, Enfield, \par 1989. Interesting railroad facts, records, and trivia.\par \par A History Of The American Locomotive, Its Development 1830-1880, \par by John H. White, Jr., Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1968, and Dover \par Publications, New York, 1979. Design influences, component development, \par and case histories of early locomotives in America; not for beginners. \par \par PAGE 177\par \par PAGE 178\par \par A History Of The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, by John F. Stover, \par Purdue University Press, West Lafayette, 1987. An excellent history of \par the pioneering American road known as the "railroad university." \par \par How To Operate Your Model Railroad, by Bruce A. Chubb, Kalmbach Books,\par Milwaukee, 1978. An entertaining and understandable discussion of \par railroad operations as explained for model railroaders. \par \par Impossible Challenge, by Herbert H. Harwood, Jr., Barnard, Roberts, \par and Company, Baltimore, 1979. A history of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad \par within the State of Maryland. \par \par The Lore Of The Train, by C. Hamilton Ellis, Crescent Books, New York, \par 1975. An entertaining, though wordy, world history of railroading. \par \par The Railroad - What It Is, What It Does, by John H. Armstrong, \par Revised Edition, Simmons-Boardman, Omaha, 1982 http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html . The best source \par found for what American railroads are like today and how they are \par operated.\par \par The Railway Revolution, by L. T. C. Holt, St. Martin's Press, New \par York, 1962. A very interesting biography of George and Robert \par Stephenson, two of the most famous design and construction engineers of \par English railroading. \par \par Steam Locomotives, by Luciano Greggio, Crescent Books, New \par York, 1985. An excellent source for locomotive illustrations and \par information on the historical development of locomotives throughout \par the world.\par \par Track Planning For Realistic Operation, by John Armstrong, \par Second Edition, Kalmbach Books, Milwaukee, 1979. Although directed at \par model railroaders, this paperback succinctly discusses and \par illustrates railroad operations.\par \par The World's Rail Way, J. G. Pangbom, Bramhall House, New York, 1974, \par a facsimile of the 1894 edition. A beautifully illustrated and \par descriptive narration of the history of railroading prior to the 1893 \par Columbian Exposition. The author helped organize the railroad \par exhibit there and this book resulted from the material he gathered. \par \par PAGE 178\par \par SKID ROW SKID ROW SKID ROW SKID ROW SKID ROW SKID ROW SKID ROW\par \par Checking file type of TechSupp.doc ... \par Extracting ascii file TechSupp.doc\par \par SKID ROW\par \par presents\par For Commodore Amiga.\par \par Sid Meier's\par \par RAILROAD TYCOON\par \par TECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT\par \par PAGE 1\par \par Contents\par \par Your Railroad Tycoon package should contain a manual, this http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html technical\par supplement folder, two Commodore Amiga disks, two player aid cards, and\par a registration card.\par \par Required Equipment\par \par Computer & Display: This simulation requires a Commodore Amiga with\par a minimum of 1 Meg. of RAM and a color monitor. Please pre-format a\par disk for your Saved Games.\par \par Controls: The simulation can be run entirely from the keyboard, or \par with a mouse and keyboard. A mouse is recommended as the interface\par has been designed to take advantage of the mouse. Unlike some\par MicroProse simulations, a joystick cannot be used to run Railroad\par Tycoon.\par \par Installation on a Hard Disk\par \par COMMODORE AMIGA: Boot up your hard disk as normal and insert Railroad\par Tycoon Disk A. Open this disk and double-click on the "INSTALL" icon. \par Please follow any on-screen prompts. A folder titled "Railroad" will be\par created on your hard disk, containing all necessary files.\par \par LOADING\par \par Loading from Floppy Disks\par \par COMMODORE AMIGA: If your computer has KickStart in ROM, insert the\par Railroad Tycoon "A" disk into the internal drive. The program will\par then auto-load.\par \par If your computer does not have KickStart in ROM, load KickStart\par as normal, then insert your Railroad Tycoon Disk A into the internal\par drive. The program will then auto-load.\par \par PAGE 1\par\par \par PAGE 2\par \par Thereafter during play you are prompted when you must remove the\par "A" disk to insert the "B" disk. Note that at certain times the\par program accesses the "A" disk for information so do not remove the\par "A" disk from your drive once the game has begun unless prompted to\par make a switch.\par \par Loading from a Hard Disk\par \par COMMODORE AMIGA: Boot up your hard disk as normal. Open the \par "Railroad" drawer and double-click on the "Game" icon.\par \par SAV http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ED GAMES\par \par You may save games currently under way and recontinue them at a \par later date. Games may be saved onto your hard drive or onto a \par previously saved game disk. You may not save games onto your \par original game disks or back-up game disks. To save a current game,\par open the Game menu and choose "Save Game". If the game was booted\par from floppy disk, you will be asked to insert your previously\par formatted Save Game disk before selecting a slot to save to.\par \par You may only have four games saved on any disk. If the game\par files are full on any disk, move the highlight to the existing\par saved game you wish to overwrite and press return. This writes\par the new saved game over the old one, erasing the old one. If you\par don't want to erase any game on a full disk, hit the ESC key to\par return to the game, and start over. However, you cannot format a\par disk while the game is underway, so have additional formatted disks\par handy.\par \par PAGE 2\par\par \par PAGE 3\par \par Loading a Saved Game\par \par Saved games can only be loaded during the pre-game options.\par To load a saved game, follow these instructions:\par \par 1) Choose the option "Load Saved RR" when you start the game. \par 2) If you are playing from floppy disk, follow the prompt to\par insert your Save Game disk.\par 3) Move the highlight down the list of saved games until the\par game you wish to load is highlighted, and press RETURN.\par This loads the saved game.\par \par AMIGA RAILROAD TYCOON FEATURES\par \par Dissolving Railroads: If the shore price of a competing railroad\par falls below $5 and stays there for too long, there is a chance that\par the railroad can be dissolved and disappear entirely from the game.\par \par Bankruptcy Penalty: For each bankruptcy that you declare, the \par interest you must pay for se http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html lling new bonds is increases by 1%.\par After enough bankruptcies, you will be unable to sell any bonds.\par Car Costs: Each car you place on your trains costs $5,000.\par When you make consist changes, you are only charged if the total\par number of cars on your railroad increases.\par \par Menu Options: You may highlight any menu option by pressing the\par letter key of the first letter in the option. If more than once \par choice share the same first letter, additional letter key taps\par cycle through the options that start with the same letter.\par \par Sound Effects: If you selected one of the sound driver options\par when you started your game, you may toggle the sound effects on or\par off later in the game. This is done from the Features option, \par found in the Game menu. If you selected No Sounds when beginning\par play, the sound effects option does not operate.\par \par Find City: You may zoom into the Detail Display around any city\par in the game world by pulling down the Display menu and choosing \par "Find City." Type in at least enough letters of the city name to\par distinguish it from all other cities in the world and press RETURN.\par \par Animations: There are no animated sequences in the Amiga version,\par speeding up game play. Hence there is no Animation option in the\par Game Menu.\par \par Difficulty Levels: You are not required to retire after a certain\par number of years as explained in the manual on page 16 under Difficulty\par Levels. Instead, you may play up to 100 years at any level. However,\par you may not increase the level of difficulty once you have started\par playing. The difficulty level you choose when beginning a new game\par remains in effect for its duration.\par \par PAGE 3\par\par \par PAGE 4\par \par WORLD ECONOMY NOTES\par \par North America\par \par North America is blessed with huge natural res http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ources that have only\par been exploited since the beginning of European colonization. To this\par day, the region remains a major source of raw materials such as coal,\par metallic ores, oil, and wood products. It is also one of the richest\par meat and grain producing regions in the world.\par \par Railroads were especially useful in America because they made\par cheap transportation available throughout this large continent. They\par made exploitation of this bounty of resources possible.\par \par The early railroads were built to bring mainly raw products, such\par as coal and grain, from the continental interior to the peripheral\par harbors. As the region industrialized, the role of railroads\par expanded. They moved people westward during the great expansion,\par they interconnected the growing eastern cities, and they connected the \par growing industrial sector with both the sources of raw materials and\par markets.\par \par In Railroad Tycoon the economic impact and role of railroads in \par North America is similar to that of the real world. The equivalent\par of the Pittsburgh steel mills, the West Virginia coal fields, the\par Detroit automobile factories, and the Chicago stockyards are in the\par game, though rarely in their historical location. The opportunity is\par their for your railroad to find the raw materials and connect them to\par the industries, and the industries to their markets. You develop\par your business by linking the coal fields to the steel mills, the\par steel mills to the factories, and the factories to the cities.\par \par In a similar manner you can connect the cattle ranches to\par stockyards, the grain elevators to food processing plants, lumber\par yards to paper mills, etc. When you connect larger cities together,\par you create the opportunity for carrying mail and passengers between\par them. Harbors and river landings are pl http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html aces where you can pass on\par cargos to ships and river boats, and may be a source of new cargos\par from overseas.\par \par As you build and operate your railroad, you witness the impact \par you have on the population and industrial growth of the area that\par you serve. Cities along your railroad may become the Pittsburgh\par or Detroit of your world.\par \par England\par \par Great Britain was the first nation to industrialize and the place\par where the concept and technology of railroading was invented. The\par earliest railroads in Britain were built to connect interior \par industries and resources with harbors. The main export resource\par was coal, mostly shipped around the coast to London and other\par population centers. But unlike North America where there was a rich\par variety and quantity of resources, in Britain the resources were more\par limited.\par \par As a result of the Industrial Revolution, this island nation was\par converted into an industrial powerhouse, a world leader in \par manufacturing technology and production. Raw materials not available\par at home were imported and converted into good for export or home\par consumption. Railroads played a vital role in this industrialization\par by easing and speeding the movement of materials, finished goods, \par and labor throughout the country.\par \par For example, coal from the mines near Newcastle was first carried\par by rail to coastal ports like Sunderland, and later directly by rail\par to the steel mills and factories of Sheffield.\par \par PAGE 4\par\par \par PAGE 5\par The famous Sheffield knives went by train throughout the country and\par from ports throughout the world.\par \par Another major industry comprised the cotton mills that grew around\par Manchester to use the water coming down the hills for power. Cotton\par for the mills arrived at Liverpool from India and the http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html American South,\par and was carried by rail to Manchester. The mills converted the \par cotton to cloth goods that were carried back to Liverpool for\par shipment overseas.\par \par In Railroad Tycoon you can profit by looking for these same\par economic relationships. Harbors are sources of supply for cotton\par and hops, and these cargos can be carried to textile mills and\par breweries for conversion into goods and beer. Pottery and glass\par goods from glass works, the products of chemical plants, and factory\par goods can all be shipped to harbors for exportation.\par \par To be successful, your railroad must link the peripheral harbors\par to the industrial midlands and resource centers. Since each game\par map is different, you must locate coal and chemical deposits now \par not necessarily outside Newcastle, and link these resources to the\par industries that use them. In this way you can help build cities\par such as Salisbury or York into another London.\par \par Europe\par \par The European economy is in the middle, between the resource rich\par North American economy and the industry rich British economy. Europe\par is large enough to have substantial resources and thus not depend so\par much on imported resources. Still, the European nations \par industrialized, although after Britain and not to the same degree.\par \par Blessed with greater natural resources than the island nation of\par Great Britain, the European nations were not as forced to rely on\par their ability to manufacture goods for exportation. Although trade\par was certainly important, it was not necessary to finance the \par importation of food and materials as it was in Britain. Most of the\par larger European nations found within their borders sufficient natural\par resources for industrial production.\par \par Nevertheless, some nations proved to have a comparative advantage in\p http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ar the production of certain goods. These advantages became the basis\par for international trade across the continent. French wines were traded \par for German guns or Italian cloth.\par \par Railroads served their familiar important transport role throughout\par Europe. Within nations they brought the coal and ore to the mills,\par and moved the mill products to other industries and harbors. They\par were also found to be more important people movers than in either\par Britain or North America because of congestion, lack of roads, and\par high petroleum costs. Between nations railroads hauled resources,\par finished products, people, and mail.\par \par In Railroad Tycoon the rich industrial region of the Ruhr River\par Valley or the grain fields of the Ukraine may turn up anywhere.\par As a railroad president it is for you to search the map to find\par the pieces of the economic puzzle and profitably link them together.\par \par PAGE 5\par\par \par PAGE 6\par \par DISPLAY COLORS\par \par Regional Display Map Colors\par \par COLOR INFORMATION DISPLAYED\par \par Dark blue Oceans and lakes\par Light blue Rivers\par Blue Woods \par Dark green Cleared land\par Light green Farmland\par Light grey Foothills\par Light blue Hills\par White Mountains/Alps\par Brown Swamp/Desert\par Red Villages\par Yellow Cities\par Red/yellow Industries\par Dark red Harbors\par Black Coal, wood, chemicals, nitrates\par \par Train Roster \par \par COLOR INFORMATION DISPLAYED\par \par Black line Stopped train\par Red line Paused train\par Green line Train speed indicator\par Black engine Normal loads\par Green engine Priority Shipment on board\par http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html White car Mail car at least half full\par Light grey car Mail car less than half full\par Light blue car Passenger car at least half full\par Blue car Passenger car less than half full\par Yellow car Fast freight car at least half full\par Light green car Fast freight car less than half full\par Red car Slow freight car at least half full\par Dark red car Slow freight car less than half full\par Black car Bulk freight car at least half full\par Dark grey car Bulk freight car less than half full\par \par Freight Classes\par \par COLOR INFORMATION DISPLAYED\par \par White Mail\par Light blue Passengers\par Yellow Fast freight\par Red Slow freight\par Black Bulk freight\par \par PAGE 6\par\par \par PAGE 7\par \par Financial Reports\par \par COLOR INFORMATION DISPLAYED\par \par Red Losses or decreases\par Black Profits or increases\par \par Shipping Report Borders\par \par COLOR INFORMATION DISPLAYED\par \par Grey Normal revenues\par Red Halved revenues\par White Doubled revenues\par \par Train Report Scheduled Stops\par \par COLOR INFORMATION DISPLAYED\par \par Light grey Scheduled stop\par Black Current destination\par \par Station Reports\par \par COLOR INFORMATION DISPLAYED\par \par Dark green Cargo picked up this period or \par Revenue earned for delivery\par Red Cargos removed by other transport\par Light green Cargos available now\par \par Construction Box Colors\par \par COLOR INFORMATION DISPLAYED\par \par White Build track\par Red Remove track and brid http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html ges\par \par CONTROLS\par \par General\par \par FUNCTION KEYBOARD MOUSE\par Selector RETURN key Left button\par Selector 1 RETURN key Left button\par Selector 2 Right button\par Open menu First letter key Right button\par Move cursor, Numeric keypad keys\par Construction Box (Box)\par or menu highlight\par \par Track Construction/Demolition Keys\par \par FUNCTION KEYBOARD COMMAND\par \par North Shift and numeric keypad `8' key\par Northeast Shift and numeric keypad `9' key\par East Shift and numeric keypad `6' key\par Southeast Shift and numeric keypad `3' key\par South Shift and numeric keypad `2' key\par Southwest Shift and numeric keypad `1' key\par West Shift and numeric keypad `4' key\par Northwest Shift and numeric keypad `7' key\par \par PAGE 7\par\par \par PAGE 8\par \par Shortcut Keys\par \par FUNCTION KEYBOARD COMMAND\par \par Go to Regional Display `F1' key\par Go to Area Display `F2' key (centers on cursor or pointer)\par Go to Local Display `F3' key (centers on cursor or pointer)\par Go to Detail Display `F4' key (centers on cursor or pointer)\par Open Income Statement `F5' key\par Open Train Income Report `F6' key \par Build a new train `F7' key (must own engine shop)\par Build station `F8' key (Box on spot)\par Call broker `F9' key (game not frozen) \par Survey elevations `F10' key (from Detail Display only)\par \par Additional Keys\par \par FUNCTION KEYBOARD COMMAND\par \par Double track a single track section Shift and `D' key\par (Box must be on track section)\par http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html Single track a double track section Shift and `S' key\par (Box must be on track section)\par Get information `I' key or Shift and `?' key\par (for icon inside Box)\par Override signal `S' key\par (for signal within Box or cursor) \par Center map on cursor or pointer `C' key\par Quit game Alt and `Q' key\par Exit menu without making choice ESC key\par \par KEYBOARD INTERFACE ONLY\par \par General\par \par FUNCTION KEYBOARD COMMAND\par \par Switch cursor TAB key\par (between map and Train Roster)\par Open Train Report RETURN key\par (train marked in roster by cursor)\par Pause train `H' key\par (train marked in roster by cursor)\par \par Train Report Controls\par \par FUNCTION KEYBOARD COMMAND\par \par Go to priority row of Train Report `P' key\par Highlight schedule stops 1,2,3, or 4 `1',`2',`3', or `4' key\par Go to Route Map Shift and `S' key\par Move highlight on Route Map Numeric keypad `1-9' keys\par (not `5')\par Select highlighted stop on Route Map RETURN key\par Exit Route Map without any changes ESC key\par \par PAGE 8\par\par \par PAGE 9\par \par SOUND CUES\par \par Sound Caused By\par \par Whistle/Horn Train passing through station without stopping\par Clink of coins Revenue earned (one clink for each $25,000)\par \par SIGNAL OVERRIDE CHART\par \par Normal Operation\par \par Existing Signal Color Effect\par \par GO Green Indicates currently safe to enter block\par STOP Red Indicates currently not safe to enter\par http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html block\par PROCEED Yellow Passes next train and returns to NORMAL\par operation\par HOLD Black Stops all trains until overridden with\par NORMAL or PROCEED\par \par Note: On the Area and Local Displays, normal signals appear in black\par boxes and overridden signals appear in white boxes.\par \par PAGE 9\par\par \par PAGE 10\par \par WORLD CITY LISTS\par \par The following lists include all the cities found on the four world\par maps. To find the location of any city pull down the Display menu\par and choose "Find City." Type in enough letters of the city name to\par differentiate it from any other name on the list. For example, in the\par Northeast USA, "All" is enough identification for Allentown because\par those letters differentiate it from all other cities on the list,\par including Albany and Altoona.\par \par The same information is sufficient when ordering a controlled railroad\par to build track from one city to another.\par \par Northeast USA Cities\par \par Akron Cumberland Knoxville Roanoke\par Albany Dayton Lansing Rochester\par Allentown Detroit Lexington Saginaw\par Altoona Dover London Salisbury\par Asheville Elkhart Louisville Sault Ste Marie\par Ashland Elmira Manchester Scranton\par Atlantic City Erie Memphis Sherbrooke\par Baltimore Evansville Milwaukee Springfield\par Bangor Florence Montreal St Louis\par Binghamton Fort Wayne Morgantown Sudbury\par Bluefield Fredericksburg Nashville Syracuse\par Boston Gary New Haven Terre http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html Haute\par Bridgeport Grafton New York Toledo\par Bristol Grand Rapids Norfolk Toronto\par Buffalo Green Bay Oil City Traverse City\par Burlington Greensboro Ottawa Trenton\par Champaign Greenville Paterson Utica\par Charleston Hagerstown Pembroke Washington\par Charlotte Harpers Ferry Philadelphia Watertown\par Charlottesville Harrisburg Pittsburgh Wheeling\par Chattanooga Hartford Portland Williamsport\par Chicago Huntington Poughkeepsie Wilmington\par Cincinnati Indianapolis Providence Winchester\par Cleveland Jamestown Raleigh Winston-Salem\par Columbus Johnstown Richmond Youngstown\par \par Western USA Cities\par \par Abilene Burns Dodge City Fort Worth\par Albuquerque Butte Duluth Fresno\par Amarillo Calgary Durango Gary\par Austin Casper El Paso Grand Junction\par Barstow Cedar City Elko Grand Rapids\par Baton Rouge Chicago Eugene Great Falls\par Billings Chihuahua Evansville Green Bay\par Bismarck Decatur Fargo Hays\par Boise Denver Flagstaff Hermosillo\par Bozeman Des Moines Fort Smith Houston\par \par PAGE 10\par\par \par PAGE 11\par \par Indianapolis Monclova Regina Spokane\par Jackson Monroe Reno Springfield\par Kansas City Nashville Richland St Louis\par La Crosse Needles Rock http://www.nuokui.com/txt/bF0Zalxkwu7I.html Island St Paul\par Lake Charles New Orleans Roswell Thunder Bay\par Las Vegas Ogallala Sacramento Tonopah\par Lincoln Oklahoma City Salt Lake City Tucson\par Little Rock Omaha San Antonio Tucumcari\par Los Angeles Phoenix San Diego Tulsa\par Memphis Pierre San Francisco Tuscaloosa\par Midland Pocatello Saskatoon Vancouver\par Miles City Portland Sault Ste Marie Waterloo\par Milwaukee Pueblo Seattle Wausau\par Minot Rapid City Shreveport Wichita\par Mobile Redding Sioux Falls Winnipeg\par \par English Cities\par \par Aberystwyth Chatham King's Lynn Peterborough\par Aldershot Cheltenham Kingston Plymouth\par Appleby Chester Lancaster Portsmouth\par Banbury Colchester Leeds Preston\par Bangor Colwyn Bay Leicester Reading\par Barmouth Coventry Lincoln Rugby\par Barnstaple Crewe Liverpool Salisbury\par Barrow Croydon London Scarborough\par Bath 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