By Authority Of
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Legally Binding Document
By the Authority Vested By Part 5 of the United States Code �� 552(a) and
Part 1 of the Code of Regulations �� 51 the attached document has been duly
INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE and shall be considered legally
binding upon all citizens and residents of the United States of America.
HEED THIS NOTICE: Criminal penalties may apply for noncompliance.
Official Incorporator:
THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Document Name:
CFR Section(s):
Date of Action:
e
ASME B30.2-2005: Overhead and Gantry Cranes
29 CFR 1926.1438
75 FR 48135, Aug. 9, 2010
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Overhead and
Gantry Cranes
(Top Running Bridge,
Single or Multiple
Girder,Top Running
Trolley Hoist)
Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists,
Hooks, Jacks, and Slings
AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
I,
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Overhead and
Gantry Cranes
(Top Running Bridge,
Single or Multiple
Girder, Top Running
Trolley Hoist)
Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricl(s, Hoists,
Hool(s, Jacl(s, and Slings
_
Reproduced By IHS
With The Permission Of ASME
:
,'i, . L
Under Royalty Agreement
AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Date of Issuance: December 30, 2005
The next edition of this Standard is scheduled for publication in 2008. There will be no addenda
issued to this edition.
ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of this
Standard. Interpretations are published on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages at
http://www.asme.org/codes/ as they are issued, and will also be published within the next edition
of the Standard.
ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American National
Standards. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from
competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made
available for public review and comment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia,
regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large.
ASME does not "approve," "rate," or "endorse" any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.
ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any
items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability for
infringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assume any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expressly
advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is
entirely their own responsibility.
Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as
government or industry endorsement of this code or standard.
ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the established
ASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals.
No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,
in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990
Copyright © 2005 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All' rights reserved
Printed in U.S.A.
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CONTENTS
Foreword..............................................................................
v
Committee Roster ..................................................................... vi
Introduction ........................................................................... viii
Summary of Changes ..................................................................
x
Chapter 2-0
Section 2-0.1
Section 2-0.2
Section 2-0.3
Chapter 2-1
Section 2-1.1
Section 2-1.2
Section 2-1.3
Section 2-1.4
Section 2-1.5
Section 2-1.6
Section 2-1.7
Section 2-1.8
Section 2-1.9
Section 2-1.10
Section 2-1.11
Section 2-1.12
Section 2-1.13
Section 2-1.14
Section 2-1.15
Section 2-1.16
Chapter 2-2
Section 2-2.1
Section 2-2.2
Section 2-2.3
Section 2-2.4
Chapter 2-3
Section 2-3.1
Section 2-3.2
Section 2-3.3
Section 2-3.4
Section 2-3.5
Figures
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Scope, Definitions, and References ..................................... .
Scope of B30.2 ........................................................ .
Definitions ............................................................ .
References ............................................................ .
General Construction and Installation ................................... .
Markings ............................................................. .
Clearances ............................................................ .
General Construction - Runways and Supporting Structure ........... .
Crane Construction ................................................... .
Cabs - Normal or Skeleton (if Provided) .............................. .
Lubrication ........................................................... .
Service Platforms (Footwalks) ........................................ ..
Stops and Bumpers ................................................... .
Rail Sweeps ........................................................... .
Guards for Moving Parts .............................................. .
Truck Frame Drop .................................................... .
Brakes and Braking Means ............................................ .
Electrical Equipment .................................................. .
Hoisting Equipment ................................................... .
Warning Devices or Means for a Crane With a Power-Traveling
Mechanism ......................................................... .
Manual ...... '" ...................................................... .
Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance ................................... .
Inspection ............................................................ .
Testing ............................................................... .
Maintenance .......................................................... .
Rope Inspection, Replacement, and Maintenance ....................... .
Operation ............................................................. .
Qualifications for and Conduct of Operators ........................... .
Handling the Load .................................................... .
Signals ............................................................... .
Miscellaneous '" ...................................................... .
Crane Lockout/Tagout ................................................ .
Cantilever Gantry Crane .............................................. .
Gantry Crane ......................................................... .
Overhead Crane ...................................................... .
Semigantry Crane ..................................................... .
Wall Crane ........................................................... .
Recommended Arrangement of Controllers or Master Switches (Three-
Motor Crane) ....................................................... .
Recommended Arrangement of Controllers or Master Switches (Four-
Motor Crane) ....................................................... .
iii
1
1
1
5
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
10
11
11
11
11
.12
15
16
17
18
18
19
19
20
22
22
23
26
26
26
2
3
3
3
3
13
14
8
Recommended Arrangement of Controllers (Pendant Push-Button Station
Arrangement) ....................................................... 15
9
Recommended Arrangement of Controllers (Radio Crane Control
Transmitter Lever Arrangement) ..................................... 15
10
Standard Hand Signals for Controlling Overhead and Gantry Cranes .... 24
iv
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FOREWORD
This American National Standard, Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists,
Hooks, Jacks, and Slings, has been developed under the procedures accredited by the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI, formerly the United States of America Standards Institute).
This Standard had its beginning in December 1916 when a Code of Safety Standards for Cranes,
prepared by an ASME Committee on the Protection of Industrial Workers, was presented to the
annual meeting of the ASME.
Meetings and discussions regarding safety on cranes, derricks, and hoists were held from 1920
to 1925, involving the ASME Safety Code Correlating Committee, the Association of Iron and
Steel Electrical Engineers, the American Museum of Safety, the American Engineering Standards
Committee (later changed to American Standards Association and subsequently to the USA
Standards Institute), the Department of Labor - State of New Jersey, tlle Department of Labor
and Industry - State of Pennsylvania, and the Locomotive Crane Manufacturers Association.
On June 11, 1925, the American Engineering Standards Committee approved tlle ASME Safety
Code Correlating Committee's recommendation and authorized the project with the U.S. Depart-
ment of the Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks, and ASME as sponsors.
In March 1926, invitations were issued to 50 organizations to appoint representatives to a
Sectional Committee. The call for organization of this Sectional Committee was sent out October
2, 1926, and tlle Committee organized November 4, 1926, with 57 members representing 29
national organizations. The Safety Code for Cranes, Derricks, and Hoists, ASA B30.2-1943, was
created from tlle eight-page document referred to in tlle first paragraph. This document was
reaffirmed in 1952 and widely accepted as a safety standard.
Due to changes in design, advancement in techniques, and general interest of labor and industry
in safety, the Sectional Committee, under the joint sponsorship of ASME and the Naval Facilities
Engineering Command, U.S. Department of the Navy, was reorganized as an American National
Standards Committee on January 31,1962, witl139 members representing 27 national organiza-
tions.
The format of tlle previous code was changed so tllat separate volumes (each complete as to
construction and installation; inspection, testing, and maintenance; and operation) would cover
the different types of equipment included in the scope of B30.
In 1982, tlle Committee was reorganized as an Accredited Organization Committee, operating
under procedures developed by ASME and accredited by the American National Standards
Institute.
This Standard presents a coordinated set of rules that may serve as a guide to government
and otller regulatory bodies and municipal autllorities responsible for tlle guarding and inspection
of the equipment falling within its scope. The suggestions leading to accident prevention are
given both as mandatory and advisory provisions; compliance Witll both types may be required
by employers of tlleir employees.
In case of practical difficulties, new developments, or unnecessary hardship, the administrative
or regulatory authority may grant variances from tlle literal requirements or permit the use of
other devices or methods, but only when it is clearly evident tllat an equivalent degree of
protection is tllereby secured. To secure uniform application and interpretap.on of tllis Standard,
administrative or regulatory authorities are urged to consult the B30 Committee, in accordance
with the format described in Section III of tlle Introduction, before rendering decisions on disputed
points.
This Volume of the Standard, which was approved by tlle B30 Committee and by ASME, was
approved by ANSI and designated as an American National Standard on September 19,2005.
Safety codes and standards are intended to enhance public safety. Revisions result from commit-
tee consideration of factors such as teclmological advances, new data, and changing environmental
and industrial needs. Revisions do not imply that previous editions were inadequate.
v
ASME 830 STANDARDS COMMITTEE
Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists,
Hooks, Jacks, and Slings
(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)
STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS
P. S. Zorich,
Chair
B. D. Closson,
Vice Chair
J. D. Wendler,
Secretary
STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
N. E. Andrew, Northrop Grumman Ship Systems
W. T. Hargrove,
Alternate, Mantech International Corp.
R. E. Bluff IV, Gantry Constructors, Inc.
R. J. Bolen, Consultant
G. B. Hetherston,
Alternate, E. I. Dupont
A. D. Brown, A. D. Brown, Inc.
D. Ritchie,
Alternate, The Construction Safety Council
T. A. Christensen, Alliance of American Insurers/liberty Mutual
Insurance
M. W. Mills,
Alternate, Liberty Mutual Group
B. D. Closson, Craft Forensic Services, Inc.
T. L. Blanton,
Alternate, NACB Group, Inc.
S. Cloutier, U.s. Department of Labor
J. P. Colletti, John P. Colletti & Associates, Inc.
R. M. Lovgren,
Alternate, Crane Partner International
R. A. Dahlin, Walker Magnetics Group
J. W. Downs, Jr.,
Alternate, Downs Crane and Hoist Co.
L. D. DeMark, International Union of Operating Engineers
S. C. Buck,
Alternate, International Union of Operating Engineers
D. W. Eckstine, Eckstine and Associates
R. J. Edwards, Schwing America
D. R. Remus,
Alternate, Reed Manufacturing
J. L. Gordon, Acco Chain and Lifting Products
N. C. Hargreaves, Terex Corp./Power Crane & Shovel Association
E. D. Fidler,
Alternate, Grove Worldwide
J. J. Headley, Crane Institute of America
R. M. Parnell,
Alternate, Industrial Training International
C. W. Ireland, National Oilwell
A. Egging,
Alternate, National Oilwell
L. S. Johnson, American Equipment Co.
E. P. Vliet,
Alternate. Nichols Construction Co.
R. M. Kohner, Landmark Engineering Service
H. I. Shapiro,
Alternate, Specialized Carriers and Rigging
Association/Howard I. Shapiro & Associates
C. E. Lucas, The Crosby Group
vi
P. A. Boeckman,
Alternate, The Crosby Group
E. K. Marburg, Columbus McKinnon Corp.
M. G. Miller,
Alternate, Columbus McKinnon Corp.
L. D. Means, Means Engineering and Consulting/Wire Rope
Technical Board
D. M. Sieightholm,
Alternate, Bridon America Corp.
K. J. Miller, Jacobs Engineering
D. W. Smith,
Alternate, Chicago Bridge and Iron Co.
G. L. Owens, Granite Construction, Inc.
J. T. Perkins, Ingersoll-Rand
H. G. Leidich,
Alternate, Ingersoll-Rand
J. E. Richardson, u.s. Department of the Navy
W. P. Rollins, Manitowoc Crane Group
M. E. Brunet,
Alternate, Manitowoc Crane Group
J. W. Rowland III, Consultant
E. E. Rudy, U.S. Department of the Army
J. C. Ryan, Boh Bros. Construction Co.
A. R. Ruud,
Alternate, Atkinson Construction
D. Sayenga, Associated Wire Rope Fabricators
D. J. Bishop,
Alternate, Bishop Lifting Products, Inc.
G. W. Shields, Caterpillar, Inc.
W. J. Smith Jr., Maxim Crane Works
R. G. Strain, Advanced Automation Associates, Inc.
J. B. Hamill,
Alternate, Advanced Automation Associates, Inc.
A. R. Toth, Morris Material Handling
B. E. Weir Jr., National Erectors Association/Norris Brothers
Co., Inc.
J. Conant,
Alternate, Conant Crane Rental CO.
J. D. Wendler, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
R. C. Wild, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
S_ G. Testerman,
Alternate, u.s. Army Corps of Engineers
D. N. Wolff, National Crane Corp.
A. L. Calta,
Alternate, National Crane Corp.
P. S. Zorich, RZP International Ltd.
H. W. Fair,
Alternate, H. Fair Associates, Inc.
/~
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HONORARY MEMBERS
J. M. Klibert, Lift·AIl Co., Inc.
R. W. Parry, Consultant
B30.2 SUBCOMMITTEE PERSONNEL
J. W. Rowland, Chair, Consultant
A. R. Toth, Vice Chair, Morris Material Handling
J. J. Breen, Jr., U.S. Department of the Navy
J. c. Burrichter, U.s. Department of Labor
B. M. Casey, Electric Boat
T. W. Elmy, Pro Crane Services
J. L. Franks, Consultant
vii
W. R. Gedgard, U.S. Department of the Navy
J. L. Gordon, Acco Chain and Lifting Products
J. D. Kerr, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
L. D. Means, Means Engineering and Consulting
R. H. Reuss, P&H Material Handling
G. V. Stanic, Globex Corp.
(05)
SAFETY STANDARD FOR CABLEWAYS, CRANES, DERRICKS, HOISTS, HOOKS,
JACKS, AND SLINGS
830 STANDARD INTRODUCTION
SECTION I: SCOPE
The ASME
B30 Standard contains provisions that
apply to the construction, installation, operation, inspec-
tion, testing, maintenance, and use of cranes and other
lifting and material-handling related equipment. ~o: the
convenience of the reader, the Standard has been diVIded
into separate volumes. Each Volume has been written
under the direction of the ASME
B30
Standards Committee and has successfully completed
a consensus approval process under the general auspices
of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
As of the date of issuance of this Volume, the
B30
Standard comprises the following volumes:
B30.1
Jacks
B30.2
Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top Running
B30.3
B30A
B30.5
B30.6
B30.7
B30.8
B30.9
B30.10
B30.11
B30.12
B30.13
Bridge, Single or Multiple Girder, Top
Running Trolley Hoist)
Construction Tower Cranes
Portal, Tower, and Pedestal Cranes
Mobile and Locomotive Cranes
Derricks
Base Mounted Drum Hoists
Floating Cranes and Floating Derricks
Slings
Hooks
Monorails and Underhung Cranes
Handling Loads Suspended From Rotorcraft
Storage/Retrieval (S/R) Machines and
Associated Equipment
B30.14 Side Boom Tractors
B30.15 Mobile Hydraulic Cranes
(NOTE:
B30.15-1973 has been withdrawn.
The revision of
B30.15 is included in the
latest edition of
B30.5).
B30.16 Overhead Hoists (Underhung)
B30.17 Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top Running
Bridge, Single Girder, Underhung Hoist)
B30.18 Stacker Cranes (Top or Under Running
B30.19
B30.20
B30.21
B30.22
B30.23
Bridge, Multiple Girder With Top or Under
Running Trolley Hoist)
Cableways
Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices
Manually Lever Operated Hoists
Articulating Boom Cranes
Personnel Lifting Systems
viii
B30.24
B30.25
B30.26
B30.27
B30.28
Container Cranes1
Scrap and Material Handlers
Rigging Hardware
Material Placement Srstems
Balance Lifting Units
SECTION II: SCOPE EXCLUSIONS
The
B30 Standard does not apply to track and automo-
tive jacks, railway or automobile wrecking cranes, ship-
board cranes, shipboard cargo-handling equipment,
well-drilling derricks, skip hoists, mine hoists, truck
body hoists, car or barge pullers, conveyors, excavating
equipment, or equipment covered under the scope of
the following standards: AlO, A17, A90, A92, A120,
B20,
B56, and
B77.
SECTION III: PURPOSE
The
B30 Standard is intended to
(a) prevent or minimize injury to workers, and other-
wise provide forthe protection of life,limb, and property
by prescribing safety requirements
(b) provide direction to manufacturers, owners,
employers, users, and others concerned with or respon-
sible for its application
(c) guide governments and other regulatory bodies
in the development, promulgation, and enforcement of
appropriate safety directives
SECTION IV: USE BY REGULATORY AGENCIES
This Standard may be adopted in whole or in part
for governmental or regulatory use. If adopted for gov-
ernmental use, the references to other national codes
and standards in the specific volumes may be changed
to refer to the corresponding regulations of the govern-
mental authorities.
SECTION V: EFFECTIVE DATE
(a) Effective Date. The effective date of this Volume of
the
B30 Standard shall be one year after its date of
issuance. Construction, installation, inspection, testing,
maintenance, and operation of equipment manufactured
and facilities constructed after the effective date of this
Standard shall conform to the mandatory requirements
of this Standard.
1 These volumes are currently in development.
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(b) Existing Installations. Equipment manufactured
and facilities constructed prior to the effective date of
this Volume of the B30 Standard shall be subject to the
inspection, testing, maintenance, and operation require-
ments of this Standard after the effective date.
It is not the intent of this volume of the B30 Standard
to require reh'ofitting of existing equipment. However,
when an item is being modified, its performance require-
ments shall be reviewed relative to the requirements
within the current volume. The need to meet the current
requirements shall be evaluated by a qualified person
selected by the owner (user). Recommended changes
shall be made by the owner (user) within 1 year.
SECTION VI: REQUIREMENTS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Requirements of this Standard are characterized by
use of the word
shall. Recommendations of this Standard
are characterized by the word
should.
SECTION VII: USE OF MEASUREMENT UNITS
This Standard contains SI (metric) units as well as
US. Customary units. The values stated in customary
units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units
are a direct (soft) conversion from the customary units.
SECTION VIII: REQUESTS FOR REVISION
The B30 Standards Committee will consider requests
for revision of any of the volumes within the B30
Standard. Such requests should be directed to:
Secretary of the B30 Committee, ASME, Three Park
Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990
The requests should be in the following format:
Volume:
Cite the designation and title of tlle volume.
Edition:
Cite the applicable edition of the volume.
Subject:
Cite the applicable paragraph number(s)
and tlle relevant heading(s).
Request:
Indicate the suggested revision.
Rationale: State the rationale for the suggested
revision.
Upon receipt by tlle Secretary, tlle request will be
forwarded to tlle relevant B30 Subcommittee for consid-
eration and action. Correspondence will be provided to
the requester defining the actions undertaken by the
B30 Standards Committee.
SECTION IX: REQUESTS FOR INTERPRETATION
The B30 Standards Committee will render an interpre-
tation of the provisions of the B30 Standard. Such
requests should be directed to
ix
Secretary of the B30 Committee, ASME, Three Park
Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990
The requests should be in the following format:
Volume:
Edition:
Subject:
Cite tlle designation and title of tlle volume.
Cite the applicable edition of tlle volume.
Cite the applicable paragraph number(s)
and tlle relevant heading(s).
Question: Phrase the question as a request for an inter-
pretation of a specific provision suitable for
general understanding and use, not as a
request for approval of a proprietary design
or situation. Plans or drawmgs that explain
tlle question may be submitted to clarify tlle
question. However, tlley should not contain
any proprietary names or information.
Upon receipt by the Secretary, the request will be
forwarded to the relevant B30 Subcommittee for a draft
response, which will tllen be subject to approval by tlle
B30 Standards Committee prior to its formal issuance.
Interpretations to the B30 Standard will be published
in the subsequent edition of the respective .volume, and
will be available online at http://cstools.asme.org.
SECTION X: ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE
The equipment covered by the B30 Standard is subject
to hazards that cannot be abated by mechanical means,
but only by the exercise of intelligence, care, and com.-
mon sense. It is therefore essential to have personnel
involved in the use and operation of equipment who
are competent, careful, physically and mentally quali-
fied, and trained in the proper operation of tlle equip-
ment and the handling of loads. Serious hazards include,
but are not limited to, improper or inadequate mainte-
nance, overloading, dropping or slipping of the load,
obstructing the free passage of tlle load, and using equip-
ment for a purpose for which it was not intended or
designed.
The B30 Standards Committee fully realizes the
importance of proper design factors, minimum or maxi-
mum dimensions, and other limiting criteria of wire
rope or chain and their fastenings, sheaves, sprockets,
drums, and similar equipment covered by the standard,
all of which are closely connected witll safety. Sizes,
strengths, and similar criteria are dependent on many
different factors, often varying with tlle installation and
uses. These factors depend on the condition of the equip-
ment or materialj on the loads; on the acceleration or
speed of the ropes, chains, sheaves, sprockets, or
drumsj
on tlle type of attachmentsj on the number, size, and
arrangement of sheaves or other partsj on environmental
conditions causing corrosion or wearj and on many vari-
ables that must be considered in each individual case.
The requirements and recommendations provided in the
volumes must be interpreted accordingly, and judgment
used in determining their application.
ASME 830.2-2005
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Following approval by the ASME
B30 Committee, and after public review, ASME
B30.2-2005 was
approved by the American National Standards Institute on September 19, 2005.
The 2005 edition of ASME
B30.2 includes editorial changes, revisions, and corrections identified
by a margin note,
(05).
Page
Location
Change
viii,ix
Introduction
Revised in its entirety
1
Section 2-0.1
Revised
5,6
Section 2-0.3
Updated
10
2-1.8.2
Revised
10
2-1.8.3
Revised
20
2-2.4.1(a)(1)(d)
Revised
21
2-2.4.2(b)
Revised
SPECIAL NOTE:
The interpretations to ASME
B30.2 are included in this edition as a separate section for the user's
convenience.
x
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ASME 830.2-2005
OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
(TOP RUNNING BRIDGE, SINGLE OR MULTIPLE GIRDER,
TOP RUNNING TROLLEY HOISn
Chapter 2-0
Scope, Definitions, and References
(05)
SECTION 2-0.1: SCOPE OF 830.2
Volume
B30.2 includes provisions that apply to the
construction, installation, operation, inspection, and
maintenance of hand-operated and power-driven over-
head and gantry cranes that have a top-running single-
girder or multiple-girder bridge, with one or more top-
running trolley hoists used for vertical lifting and low-
ering of freely suspended, unguided loads consisting of
equipment and materials (see Figs. 1 through 5). The
requirements included in this Volume also apply to
cranes having the same fundamental characteristics such
as cantilever gantry cranes, semi-gantry cranes, and wall
cranes.
Requirements for a crane used for a special purpose
such as, but not limited to, non-vertical lifting service,
lifting a guided load, or lifting personnel are not
included in this Volume.
SECTION 2-0.2: DEFINITIONS
abno1711al operating conditions: environmental conditions
that are unfavorable, harmful, or detrimental to or for
the operation of a crane, such as excessively high or
low ambient temperatures, exposure to adverse weather,
corrosive fumes, dust-laden or moisture-laden atmo-
spheres, and hazardous locations.
administrative or regulatory authority: governmental
agency or, in the absence of governmental jurisdiction,
the employer.
appointed: assigned specific responsibilities by the
employer or the employer's representative.
authorized: appointed by a duly constituted administra-
tive or regulatory authority.
auxiliary hoist: supplemental hoisting unit usually of
lower load rating and higher speed than the main hoist.
1
boom (of gantry cranes): an extension of the trolley runway
that may be raised or retracted to obtain clearance for
gantry travel.
boom (of overhead cranes): a horizontal member mounted
on the trolley to permit hoisting and lowering the load
at a point other than directly under tlle hoist drum or
trolley.
brake: a device, other tllan a motor, used for retarding
or stopping motion by friction or power means.
braJce, holding: a friction brake for a hoist that is automati-
cally applied and prevents motion when power to tlle
brake is off.
brake, mechanical load: an automatic type of friction brake
used for controlling loads in a lowering direction. This
unidirectional device requires torque from the motor to
lower a load but does not impose any additional load
on the motor when lifting a load.
braking means: a method or device used for stopping/
holding motion by friction or power.
braking, control: a method of controlling speed by remov-
ing energy from the moving body or by imparting
energy in the opposite direction.
braking, countertorque (plugging): a method of controlling
speed by reversing tlle motor line voltage polarity or
phase sequence to develop torque in the direction oppo-
site tlle rotation of tlle motor.
braking, dynamic: a method of controlling speed by using
the motor as a generator, with tlle energy being dissi-
pated in resistors.
braking, eddy current: a method of controlling or reducing
speed by means of an electrical induction load brake.
braking, emergency: a method of decelerating a drive
when power is not available. The braking effort may
be established as a result of action by the operator, or
automatically when power to the drive is interrupted.
ASME 830.2-2005
braking, hydraulic: a method of controlling or reducing
speed by means of displacement of a liquid.
braking, mechanical: a method of controlling or reducing
speed by friction.
braking, pneumatic: a method of controlling or reducing
speed by means of compressed gas.
braking, regenerative: a method of controlling speed in
which the electrical energy generated by the motor is
fed back into the power system.
braking, service: a method to decelerate crane motion
during normal operation.
bridge: that part of a crane consisting of one or more
girders, trucks, end ties, footwalks, and drive mecha-
nism, which carries the trolley or trolleys.
bridge travel: the crane movement in a direction parallel
to the crane runway.
bumper (buffer): a device for reducing impact when a
moving crane or trolley reaches the end of its permitted
travel, or when two moving cranes or trolleys come
into contact. This device may be attached to the bridge,
trolley, or runway stop.
cab: the operator's compartment on a crane.
cab, normal: operator's compartment used for controlling
a cab-operated crane.
cab, skeleton: operator's compartment used for occasional
cab operation of a normally floor- or remote-operated
crane.
cantilever frame: a structural member that supports the
trolley of a wall crane.
clearance: distance. from any part of the crane to the
nearest obstruction.
collectors, current: contacting devices for collecting cur-
rent from runway or bridge conductors.
conductors, bridge: the electrical conductors located along
the bridge structure of a crane that transmit control Sig-
nals and power to the trolley(s).
conductors, runway (main): the electrical conductors
located along a crane runway that transmit control sig-
nals and power to the crane.
controller: a device, or group of devices, that serves to
govern, in a predetermined manner, the power delivered
directly to the apparatus to which it is connected.
controller, manual: a controller having all of its basic func-
tions performed by devices that are operated by hand.
controller, spring-return: a controller that, when released,
will return automatically to a neutral (off) position.
control panel: an assembly of components (magnetic,
static, hydraulic, pneumatic, etc.) that governs the flow
of power to or from a motor or other equipment in
response to signals from a master switch, push-button
2
OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
Fig. 1 Cantilever Gantry Crane
station, remote control, automatic program control, or
other similar device.
crane: a machine for lifting and lowering a load and
moving it horizontally, with the hoisting mechanism
being an integral part of the machine.
crane, automatic: a crane which, when activated, operates
through a preset cycle or cycles.
crane, cab-operated: a crane whose movements are con-
trolled by an operator through the use of controllers
located in a cab that is attached to the crane.
crane, cantilever gantry: a gantry or semi gantry crane in
which the bridge girders or trusses extend transversely
beyond the crane runway on one or both sides (see
Fig. 1).
crane, floor-operated: a crane whose movements are con-
trolled by an operator through the use of controllers
contained in a pendant station suspended from the
crane.
crane, gantry: a crane similar to an overhead crane except
that the bridge for carrying the trolley or trolleys is
rigidly supported on two or more legs running on fixed
rails or other runway (see Fig. 2).
crane, molten-material-handling: an overhead crane used
for transporting or pouring molten material.
crane, manually operated: a crane whose hoist mechanism
is driven by pulling an endless chain, or whose travel
mechanism is driven in the same manner or by manually
moving the load or hook.
crane, outdoor: an overhead or gantry crane that operates
outdoors and for which provisions are not available for
storage in an area that provides protection to the crane
from weather conditions. An indoor crane that may
operate outdoors on a periodic basis is not classified as
an outdoor crane.
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OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
Fig. 2 Gantry Crane
t
Fig. 3 Overhead Crane
crane, overhead: a crane with a single or multiple girder
movable bridge carrying a movable or fixed hoisting
mechanism and traveling on an overhead fixed runway
structure (see Fig. 3).
crane, polar: an overhead or gantry crane that travels on
a circular runway.
crane, power-operated: a crane whose mechanism is driven
by electric, pneumatic, hydraulic, or internal combustion
means.
crane, pulpit-operated: a crane whose movements are con-
trolled by an operator through the use of controllers
located in a control room or a fixed or movable cab or
platform, that is independent of the crane.
crane, remote-operated: a crane whose movements are con-
trolled by an operator through the use of controllers
contained in a portable operating station not attached
to the crane.
crane, semigantry: a gantry with one end of the bridge
rigidly supported on one or more legs that run on a
fixed rail or runway, the other end of the bridge being
3
ASME B30.2-2005
Fig.4 Semigantry Crane
Fig. 5 Wall Crane
supported by an end truck running on an elevated rail
or runway (see Fig. 4).
crane, standby: a crane not in regular service that is used
occasionally or intermittently as required.
crane, wall: a crane having a cantilever frame with or
without trolley, and supported from a side wall or line
of columns of a building. It is a traveling type and oper-
ates on a runway attached to the side wall or columns
(see Fig. 5).
crane service, heavy: service that involves operating at 85
to 100% of rated load or in excess of 10 lift cycles/hr as
a regular specified procedure.
crane service, normal: service that involves operating at
less than 85% of rated load and not lTl-ore than
10 lift cycles/hr except for isolated instances.
crane service, severe: service that involves normal or heavy
service with abnormal operating conditions.
ASME 830.2-2005
designated person: a person selected or assigned by the
employer or the employer's representative as being com-
petent to perform specific duties.
drift point: a point on a travel motion master switch or
on a manual controller that maintains the brake released
while the motor is not energized. This allows for
coasting.
drum: the cylindrical member around which the ropes
are wound for lifting or lowering the load.
end tie: a structural member that connects the ends of
the bridge girders to maintain squareness of the bridge.
equalizer: a device that compensates for unequal length
or stretch of a rope.
exposed: applies to hazardous objects not guarded or
isolated, and capable of being contacted inadvertently.
gantry leg: the structural member that supports a bridge
girder or end tie from the sill.
hazardous (classified) locations: locations where fire or
explosion hazards may exist. Locations are classified
depending on the properties of the flammable vapors,
liquids, or gases, or combustible dusts or fibers that
may be present and the likelihood that a flammable or
combustible concentration or quantity is present (see
National Electrical Code, ANSI/NFPA 70).
class I locations: locations in which flammable gases
or vapors are or may be present in the air in quantities
sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures.
class II locations: locations that are hazardous because
of the presence of combustible dust.
class III locations: locations that are hazardous because
of the presence of easily ignitable fibers or flyings, but
in which such fibers or flyings are not likely to be in
suspension in the air in quantities sufficient to produce
ignitable mixtures.
hoist: a machinery unit that:is used for lifting or lowering
a freely suspended (unguided) load.
hoist motion: motion that lifts or lowers a load.
hoole, latch-equipped: a type of hook with a mechanical
device to close the throat opening of the hook.
lifting devices: devices that are not reeved onto the hoist
ropes, such as hook-on buckets, magnets, grabs, and
other supplemental devices used for ease of hanclling
certain types of loads. The weight of these devices is to
be considered part of the rated load.
limit device: a device that is operated by some part or
motion of a power-driven hoist, trolley, or bridge to limit
motion.
load: the total superimposed weight on the load block
or hook.
load blocle: the assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, bear-
ing, sheaves, pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting
4
OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
rope or load chain. This shall include any appurtenances
reeved in the hoisting ropes.
locleout/tagout: the placement of a lock/ tag on the energy-
isolating device in accordance with an established pro-
cedure.
main hoist: the primary hoist mechanism provided for
lifting and lowering the rated load.
man trolley: a trolley having an operator's cab attached
to it.
noncoasting mechanical drive: a drive that automatically
results in decelerating a trolley or bridge when power
is not available.
normal operating conditions (of cab-operated cranes): condi-
tions during which a crane is performing functions
within the scope of the original design. Under these
conditions, the operator is at the operating control
devices, and there is no other person on the crane.
normal operating conditions (of floor-operated cranes): condi-
tions during which a crane is performing functions
within the scope of the original design. Under these
conditions, the operator is at the operating control
devices that are attached to the crane but operated with
the operator off the crane, and there is no person on the
crane.
normal operating conditions (of remote-operated cranes): con-
ditions during which a crane is performing functions
within the scope of the original design. Under these
conditions, the operator is at the operating control
devices that are not attached to any part of the crane,
and there is no person on the crane.
overload: any load greater than the rated load (see
para. 2-3.2.1.1).
parts of line: the number of lines of rope supporting the
load block.
pendant station: controls suspended from the crane for
operating the unit from the floor.
primary upper-limit device: the first device that, when
actuated, limits hoisting motion in the upward direction.
qualified person: a person who, by possession of a recog-
nized degree in an applicable field or a certificate of
professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge,
training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated
the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the
subject matter and work.
rail sweep: a device attached to the crane and located in
front of the crane's leading wheels to remove obstruc-
tions.
rated load (capacity): the maximum load designated by
the manufacturer for which a crane or individual hoist
is designed and built.
reeving: a system in which a rope travels around drums
or sheaves.
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OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
rope: refers to wire rope unless otherwise specified.
runway: an assembly of rails, beams, girders, brackets,
and framework on which the crane travels.
service platform: a means provided for workers to perform
maintenance, inspections, adjustments, and repairs of
cranes.
shall: this word indicates that a rule is mandatory and
must be followed.
sheave: a grooved wheel or pulley used with a rope to
change direction and point of application of a pulling
force.
sheave, n0111'unning (equalizer): a sheave used to equalize
tension in opposite parts of the rope. Because of its slight
movement, it is not termed a running sheave.
sheave, running: a sheave that rotates as the load block
is lifted or lowered.
should: this word indicates that a rule is a recommenda-
tion, the advisability of which depends on the facts in
each situation.
side pull: the portion of the hoist pull acting horizontally
when the hoist lines are not operated vertically.
sills: horizontal structural members that connect the
lower ends of two or more legs of a gantry crane on
one runway.
slash (j): a slash
(I) denotes and/ or and indicates that
two words are to be taken together or individually.
span: the horizontal distance, center to center, between
runway rails.
. stop: a device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge.
This device normally is attached to a fixed structure and
normally does not have energy-absorbing ability.
switch (valve): a device for making, breaking, or changing
the connections in an electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic
circuit.
switch, emergency stop: a manually actuated switch to
disconnect power independently of the regular
operating controls.
switch, limit: a device that is actuated by the motion of
a part of a power-driven macl1ille or equipment to alter
or disconnect the electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic circuit
associated with the machine or equipment.
switch, main (crane disconnect): a switch on the crane
controlling the main power supply from the runway
conductors.
switch, master: a switch that dominates the operation of
contactors, relays, or other remotely operated devices.
switch, mastel~
spring-return: a master switch that, when
released, will return automatically to a neutral (off)
position.
5
ASME B30.2-2005
switch, runway disconnect: a switch, usually at floor level,
controlling the main power supply to the runway con-
ductors.
trolley: the unit that travels on the bridge rails and sup-
ports the load block.
trolley travel: the trolley movement.
truck: a unit consisting of a frame, wheels, bearings, and
axles that supports the bridge girders, the end ties of
an overhead crane, or the sill of a gantry crane.
unattended: a condition in which the operator of a crane
is not at the operating control devices. However, on a
floor-operated crane, if the operating control devices are
witl1ill sight of tlle operator and witl1ill a distance equal
to the span of the crane, tlle crane should be considered
attended.
upper block: a fixed block located on a trolley that,
tl1l'ough a system of sheaves, bearings, pins, and frame,
supports the load block and its load.
SECTION 2-0.3: References
(05)
Witl1ill tlle text, references are made to the following
publications, copies of which may be obtained 'from the
publishers as indicated.
ASD Manual of Steel Construction, 9th Edition, 1989
LRFD Manual of Steel Construction, 2nd Edition, 2nd
Revision, 1998
Publisher: American Institute of Steel Construction
(AISC), Qne East Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL 60601-
2001
AISE Technical Report No.6, June 1996, Specification
for Electric Overhead Traveling Cranes for Steel Mill
Service
Publisher: Association of Iron and Steel Engineers
(AISE), 3 Gateway Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15222
ANSI Z244.1-1982 (R1993), Safety Requirements for the
Lock Out/Tag Out of Energy Sources
Publisher: American National Standards Institute
(ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036
ANSI A14.3-1992, Safety Requirements for Fixed
Ladders1
ANSI A1264.1-1995 (R2002), Safety Requirements for
Workplace Floor and Wall Openings, Stairs, and Rail-
ing Systems1
Publisher: American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE),
1800 East Oakton Street, Des Plaines, IL 60018-2187
ANSI Z241.2-1999, Safety Requirements for Meltinr and
Pouring of Metals in the Metalcasting Industry
Publisher: American Foundrymen's Society (AFS), 505
State Street, Des Plaines, IL 60016
1 May also be obtained from American National Standards hlSti-
tute (ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036.
ASME 830.2-2005
ANSI Z535.4-1998, Product Safety Signs and Labels1
Publisher: National Electrical ManUfacturers Associa-
tion (NEMA), 2101 L Street, NW, Suite 300, Washing-
ton, DC 20037-1580
ANSI/ ASCE 7-98, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and Other Structures1
.
Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE),
1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4400
ANSI/ AWS D1.1-2002, Structural Welding Code-
Steel1
ANSI/ AWS DI4.1-97, Specification for Welding of
Industrial and Mill Cranes and Other Material Han-
dling Equipmenr
Publisher: American Welding Society (AWS), 550 NW Le
Jeune Road, P.O. Box 351040, Miami, FL 33126
ANSIjNFPA 70-2002, National Electrical Code1
Publisher: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA),
1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269
6
OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
ANSI/SAE Z26.1-1996, Safety Glazing Materials for
Glazing Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicles Operating
on Land Highways - Safety Standard1
Publisher: Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), Inc.,
400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096
ASME BI5.1-2000, Safety Standard for Mechanical
Power Transmission Apparatus1
ASME B30.9-1996, Slings
ASME B30.10-1999, Hooks1
ASME B30.16-1998, Overhead Hoists (Underhung)l
ASME B30.20-1999, Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices1
Publisher: The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME), Three Park Avenue, New York,
NY 10016-5990; Order Department: 22 Law Drive,
Box 2300, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2300
CMAA Specification No. 70-2000, Specifications for Top
Running Bridge and Gantry 'IYPe Multiple Girder
Electric Overhead Traveling Cranes
Publisher: Crane Manufacturers Association of
America (CMAA), 8720 Red Oak Boulevard, Suite 201,
Charlotte, NC 28217
/~
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OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
Chapter 2-1
General Construction and Installation
SECTION 2-1.1: MARKINGS
2-1.1.1 Rated Load Markings - Crane
TIle rated load of the crane shall be marked on each
side of the crane and shall be legible from the ground
or floor.
2-1.1.2 Rated Load Markings - Hoists
(a) TIle rated load of the hoist shall be marked on the
hoist or trolley unit or its load block and shall be legible
from the ground or floor.
(b) If the crane has more than one hoisting unit, each
hoist shall have its rated load marked as per
para. 2-1. 1.2 (a).
2-1.1.3 Manufacturer's Identification Markings
The crane shall be marked with manufacturer's identi-
fication information, on a plate or label attached to the
crane, as follows:
(a) name and address of manufacturer
(b) manufacturer's model or serial number
(c) voltage of AC or DC power supply and phase and
frequency of AC power supply
2-1.1.4 Multiple Hoist Identification Markings
If the crane has more than one hoisting unit, each
hoi::;t shall have an identification marking on the hoist
or trolley unit or its load block (i.e., 1 and
2i A and
Bi
north and southi etc.) and shall be legible from the
ground or floor. These markings shall also appear on
the controllers used by the operator to indicate the con-
trollers that operate each hoist.
2-1.1.5 Warnings
(a) Floor-operated and remote-operated cranes shall
have a safety label or labels affixed to the pendant sta-
tion, portable operating station, or load block. TIle label
or labels shall be in compliance with ANSI Z535.4, and
shall include, but not be limited to, cautionary language
against
(1) lifting more than rated load
(2) operating hoist when load is not centered
under hoist
(3) operating hoist with twisted, kinked, or dam-
aged chain or rope
(4) operating damaged or malfunctioning crane
(5) lifting people
7
(6) lifting loads over people
(7) operating a rope hoist with a rope that is not
properly seated in its groove
(8) operating manual motions with other than man-
ual power
(9) removing or obscuring safety label
(b) Cab-operated and pulpit-operated cranes shall
have a safety label or labels affixed in the cab or pulpit.
The label or labels shall be in compliance with ANSI
Z535.4, and shall include, but not be limited to, caution-
ary language against
(1) lifting more than rated load
(2) operating hoist when load is not centered
under hoist
(3) operating hoist with twisted, kinked" or dam-
aged chain or rope
(4) operating damaged or malfunctioning crane
(5) lifting people
(6) lifting loads over people
(7) operating a rope hoist with a rope that is not
properly seated in its groove
(8) removing or obscuring safety label
(c) A safety label shall be affixed on all electrical con-
trol enclosures. TIle label shall be in compliance with
ANSI Z535.4, and shall include, but not be limited to,
information such as the following:
(1) Disconnect power and lockout disconnecting
means before removing cover or servicing this
equipment.
(2) Do not operate without cover in place.
SECTION 2-1.2: CLEARANCES
2-1.2.1 Clearance From Obstruction
(a) Clearance shall be maintained between the crane
and the building, as well as parallel running cranes and
cranes operating at a different elevation, under all nor-
mal operating conditions. In the design of new cranes,
all factors that influence clearance, such as wheel float,
truss sag, bridge skewing, or trolley positions and con-
figurations shall be considered.
(b) Where passageways or walkways are provided on
the structure supporting the crane, obstructions shall
not be placed so that personnel will be jeopardized by
movements of the crane.
ASME B30.2-2005
2-1.2.2 Clearance Between Parallel Cranes
1£ the runways of two cranes are parallel, and there
are no intervening walls or structures, there shall be
clearance provided and maintained between the two
bridges.
SECTION 2-1.3: GENERAL CONSTRUCTION -
RUNWAYS AND SUPPORTING
STRUCTURE
2-1.3.1 Foundations and Anchorages
(a) Permanent concrete or masonry foundations shall
rest on footings below the frost line except in permafrost.
(b) Every outdoor crane shall be provided with secure
fastenings convenient to apply and to hold the crane
against a wind pressure of 30 Ib/ft2 (1436 Pa). Parking
brakes may be considered minimum compliance with
this rule.
(c) Where wind forces are specified to be in excess of
30 Ib/ft2 (1436 Pa), special anchorages, such as latches
or tie-downs at the home position, or remotely operated
rail clamps for all positions to supplement the primary
braking system, shall be provided (ANSI! ASCE 7-88
may be used as a reference for this condition).
(d) Outdoor gantry cranes shall be provided with
remotely operated rail clamps or other equivalent
devices. Parking brakes may be considered minimum
compliance with this rule.
(e) Rail clamps should only be applied when the crane
is not in motion.
if) When rails are used for anchorages, they shall be
secured to withstand the resultant forces applied by the
rail clamps. 1£ the clamps act on the rail, any projection
or obstruction in the clamping area shall be avoided.
(g) A wind-indicating device shall be provided for all
outdoor cranes. The device shall be mounted on the
crane or the crane runway structure and shall give a
visible and audible alarm to the crane operator at a
predetermined wind velocity. A single wind-indicating
device may serve as an alarm for more than one crane.
2-1.3.2 Crane Runways
(a) Construction oj Runways and Rails
(1) The crane runways and supporting structures
shall be designed to withstand the loads and forces
imposed by the crane. Steel crane runways and support-
ing structures should conform to the design parameters
as specified in the applicable AlSC Manual of Steel Con-
struction.
(2) Runway columns shall be securely anchored to
foundations.
(3) The structure shall be free from detrimental
vibration under normal operating conditions.
(4) Rails shall be level, straight, joined, and spaced
to the crane span within tolerances as specified in CMAA
8
OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
Specification No. 70, or within tolerances that are com-
patible with special conditions specified by the crane
manufacturer or a qualified person.
(5) Where curves are required, special design will
be necessary.
(6) Where grades are required, special design will
be necessary.
(b) Runway Stops
(1) Stops shall be provided at the limits of travel
of the bridge.
(2) Stops shall engage the bumpers or bumper pads
mounted on the bridge.
(3) Stops shall be designed to withstand the forces
applied to the bumpers, as specified in para. 2-1.8.2(b).
SECTION 2-1.4: CRANE CONSTRUCTION
2-1.4.1 Welded Construction
All welding procedures and welding operator qualifi-
cations to be used on load-sustaining members shall be
in accordance with ANSI/ AWS D1.1, except as modified
by ANSI/ AWS D14.1. Where special steels or other
materials are used, the manufacturer or qualified person
shall provide welding procedUres.
2-1.4.2 Girders
All cranes built after the effective date of this volume
should conform to the design parameters as specified,
and applicable, in CMAA Specification No. 70 or AISE
Technical Repor.t No.6.
2-1.4.3 Modifications
Cranes may be modified or rerated provided such
modifications and the supporting structure are analyzed
thoroughly and approved by a qualified person or man-
ufacturer of cranes. A rerated crane or one whose load-
supporting components have been modified shall be
tested in accordance with para. 2-2.2.2. The new rated
load shall be displayed in accordance with paras. 2-1.1.1
and 2-1.1.2.
SECTION 2-1.5: CABS - NORMAL OR SKELETON
(IF PROVIDED)
2-1.5.1 Cab Location
(a) The general arrangement of the cab and the loca-
tion of the control and protective equipment should be
such that all operating handles are within reach of the
operator when facing the area to be served by the load
block, or while facing the direction of travel of the cab.
(b) The arrangement of the cab should allow the oper-
ator a full view of the load block in all positions. This
is an important and desirable condition, but it is recog-
nized that there are physical arrangements that may
make this impossible, and, when the load block is in
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OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
these positions, the operator shall be aided by other
means such as, but not limited to, closed-circuit TV;
mirrors, radio, telephone, or a signalperson.
(c) The cab shall be clear of all fixed structures with.in
the area of possible movement.
(d) The clearance of the cab above the working floor
or passageway should be not less than 7 ft (2.1 m), excel?t
when operations require dimensions that are less. In tIus
case, precautions shall be taken during the operation of
the crane to keep personnel and other obstructions clear
of the low overhead ..
2-1.5.2 Cab Construction
(a) The cab shall be constructed and attached to the
crane to minimize swaying or vibrations.
(b) If an integral outside platform is provided, the
door (if provided) shall be a sliding type or shall open
outward.
(c) In the absence of an outside platform, the door (if
provided) shall open inward or slide and shall be s~lf
closing. It shall be equipped with positive latchmg
devices to prevent inadvertent opening.
(d) The width of a doorway shall have a clear opening
of not less tI1an 18 in. (460 mm).
(e) A trapdoor (if provided) above the cab or in the
cab roof, shall have a clear opening of not less tIlan
24 in. (610 mm) on each side. There should be no obstruc-
tions in the opening path of the trap door that prevents
opening of the trap door for the purpose for which it is
designed.
if) Guard railings and toeboards shall be in compli-
ance with ANSI AI264.1.
(g) Outdoor cabs should be enclosed. All cab glazing
shall be safety-glazing material, as defined in
ANSIjSAE Z26.1.
(h) The cab construction shall offer protection from
falling objects, if this possibility exists. The protection
shall support 50 lb
j ff- (2400 Pa) static load.
(i) If the cab of a molten material crane is exposed to
heat, it shall be provided with the following, or equiva-
lent, protection:
(1) cab enclosed as for outdoor protection
(2) windows with metal sash and heat-resisting,
safety-glazing material, as defined in ANSIjSAE Z26.1
(3) floor insulated with heat-resistant material
(4) a shield of metal at least 1~ in. (3 mm) thick
located at least 6 in. (152 mm) below bottom of cab floor
(5) materials that will not propagate combustion
or rekindle
2-1.5.3 Access to Crane
Access to the cab or bridge walkway shall be by a
fixed ladder, stairs, or platform. The ladder shall be in
conformance with ANSI A14.3, except as modified to
meet tile requirements of this volume.
9
- ASME B30.2~2005
2-1.5.4 Toolbox
If a receptacle is provided for tile stowing of tools and
oil cans, it shall be made of a noncombustible material
and shall be securely fastened in the cab or on tile service
platform.
2-1.5.5 Fire Extinguisher
A portable fire extinguisher, with a basic minimum
extinguisher rating of 10 BC, shall be installed in the cab.
2-1.5.6 Lighting
Cab lighting, either natural or artificial, shall provide
a level of illumination that enables the operator to
observe the operating controls.
SECTION 2-1.6: LUBRICATION
If lubrication is required, accessible means for lubrica-
tion should be provided.
SECTION 2-1.7: SERVICE PLATFORMS
(FOOTWALKS)
2-1.7.1 Construction of Service Platforms
Service platforms, when provided with or added to
the crane, and attached to the crane, shall conform to
the following requirements:
(a) The dimension of the working space in the vertical
direction from the floor surface of the platform to the
nearest overhead obstruction shall be a minimum of
48 in. (1220 mm) at the location where a person is per-
forming a function while on the platform.
(b) Crane travel shall be prohibited or restricted while
a person is on a service platform and the overhead plat-
form clearance is less tIlan 78 in. (1 980 mm) at any
location in the path of travel of the crane.
(c) Service platforms shall have a clear passageway
at least 18 in. (457 mm) wide, except at the bridge drive
mechanism where not less than 15 in. (380 mm) of clear
passageway shall be allowed.
(d) The dimension of tile working space in the direc-
tion of access to live (energized) electrical parts which
are likely to require examination, adjustment, servicing,
or maintenance wIllie energized shall be a minimum of
30 in. (762 mm).l
(e) The door(s) of electrical control cabinets shall
either open at least 90 deg or be removable.1
if) Service platforms shall be designed to sustain a
distributed load of at least 50
lbjff- (2400 Pa).
(g) Service platforms shall have a slip-resistant walk-
ing surface.
(h) Service platforms shall be provided with guard
railings and toeboards.
1 SOUIce: ANSI/NFPA
No. 70, National Electrical Code.
ASME 830.2-2005
(1) Guard railings and toeboards shall be in compli-
ance with ANSI
A1264.1.
(2) Guard railings shall be at least 42 in. (1 065 mm)
high and shall be provided with an intermediate railing.
2-1.7.2 Ladders and Stairways
(a) Gantry cranes shall be provided with ladders or
stairways extending from the runway elevation to the
footwalk or cab platform.
(b) Stairways shall be equipped with metal handrails
and should be at an angle of not more than 50 deg
with the horizontal. Walking surfaces shall be of a slip-
resistant type.
(c) Ladders shall be fastened in place and shall be
constructed in compliance with ANSI
A14.3, except as
modified to meet the requirements of this volume.
2-1.7.3 Egress
There should be a means of egress from cab-operated
cranes to permit departure under emergency conditions.
The means of egress should depend on the facts of the
situation.
SECTION 2-1.8: STOPS AND BUMPERS
2-1.8.1 Trolley Stops
(a) Stops shall be provided at the limits of travel of
the trolley.
(b) Stops shall engage the bumpers or bumper pads
mounted on the trolley, as specified in para. 2-1.8.3.
(c) Stops shall be designed to withstand the forces
applied by the bumpers, as specified in para. 2-1.8.3.
(05)
2-1.8.2 Bridge Bumpers
(a) .A: power-operated bridge shall be provided with
bumpers or other automatic means providing equivalent
effect.
(b) Bridge bumpers shall have the following mini-
mum characteristics:
(1) energy-absorbing (or energy-dissipating)
capacity to stop the bridge when traveling with power
off in either direction at a speed of at least 40% of rated
load speed
(2) the capability of stopping the bridge (but not
the load block or lifted load unless they are guided
vertically) at a rate of deceleration not to exceed an
average of 3 ft/ sec2 (0.9 m/ S2) when traveling with
power off in either direction at 20% of rated load
speed and
(3) be designed and installed with a means of
retaining the bumper in case of broken or loosened
mounting connections
(c) Multiple power-operated bridges operating on the
same runway shall have contact bumpers that meet the
requirements of para. 2-1.8.2(b)(2).
10
OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
(d) Consideration should be given to providing
bumpers with greater capacity for energy absoprtion (or
energy dissipation) than that specified in item
2-1.8.2(b )(1) and providing bridge end stops with corres-
ponding increased strength when anyone of the follow-
ing conditions are present:
(1) The crane has a maximum bridge speed of
320 ft/min (100 m/min) or greater.
(2) The crane is a remote-operated crane.
(3) The crane is a pulpit-operated crane.
(4) The location of the runway end stops is
obscured or uncertain.
As an example, the bumper force applied at 100% of
rated load speed is 625% greater than the bumper force
applied at 40% of rated load speed.
2-1.8.3 Trolley Bumpers
(05)
(a) A power-operated trolley shall be provided with
bumpers or other automatic means providing equivalent
effect.
(b) Trolley bumpers shall have the following mini-
mum characteristics:
(1) energy-absorbing (or energy-dissipating)
capacity to stop the trolley when traveling with power
off in either direction at a speed of at least 50% of rated
load speed
(2) the capability of stopping the trolley (but not
the load block or lifted load unless they are guided
vertically) at a rate of deceleration not to exceed an
average of 4.7 ft/sec2 (1.4 m/s2) when traveling with
power off in either direction at one-third of rated load
speed
(3) be designed and installed with a means of
retaining the bumper in case of broken or loosened
mounting connections
(c) Multiple power-operated trolleys operating on the
same bridge shall have contact bumpers that meet the
requirements of para. 2-1.8.3(b )(2).
(d) Consideration should be given to providing
bumpers with greater capacity for energy absorption (or
energy dissipation) than that specified in para.
2-1.8.2(b )(1) and providing bridge end stops with corres-
ponding increased strength when anyone of the follow-
ing conditions are present:
(1) The trolley has a maximum speed of
150 ft/min (46 m/min) or greater.
(2) The trolley is on a remote-operated crane.
(3) The trolley is on a pulpit-operated crane.
(4) The location of the trolley end stops is obscured
or uncertain.
~
( \
(J
o
o
OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
SECTION 2-1.9: RAIL SWEEPS
2-1.9.1 Bridge Rail Sweeps
(a) Bridge truck rail sweeps shall be provided in front
of the leading wheels on both ends of the bridge end
b.-uck.
(b) The rail sweep shall clear the rail of objects on the
runway which, if they came into contact between the
wheel and rail, could cause damage to the wheel or
derail the wheel.
(1) Clearance between the top smface of the rail
head and the bottom of the sweep should not exceed
3~6 in. (5 mm).
(2) On overhead crane end trucks, the sweep shall
extend below the top surface of the rail head, for a
distance not less than 50% of the thickness of the rail
head, on both sides of the rail head.
(3) On gantry crane end trucks, when the rail head
is located above the pavement or ground level, the sweep
shall extend below the top smface of the rail head, for
a distance not less than 50% of the thickness of the rail
head, on both sides of the rail head.
(4) Clearance between the vertical inside smfaces
of the sweep should be equal to the wheel tread width
plus % in. (10 mm), and clearance should be evenly
spaced on each side of the wheel tread width.
2-1.9.2 Trolley Rail Sweeps
(a) Trolley truck rail sweeps should be provided in
front of the leading wheels on both ends of the trolley
end truck.
(b) The rail sweep shall clear the rail of objects on the
bridge whicll, if they came into contact between the
wheel and rail, could cause damage to the wheel or
derail the wheel.
(1) Clearance between the top smface of the rail
head and the bottom of the sweep should not exceed
3~6 in. (5 mm).
(2) The sweep shall extend below the top smface
of the rail head, for a distance not less than 50% of the
thickness of the rail head, on both sides of the rail head.
(3) Clearance between the side smface of the rail
head and the side of the sweep which extends below
the top smface of the rail head should be equal to crane
float plus 3~6 in. (5 mm).
SECTION 2-1.10: GUARDS FOR MOVING PARTS
(a) Exposed moving parts, such as gears, set screws,
projecting keys, and drive chain and sprockets, which
constitute a hazard under normal operating conditions,
shall be guarded.
(b) Each guard shall be capable of supporting, with-
out permanent deformation, the weight of a
200 Ib (90 kg) person, unless the guard is located where
11
ASME 830.2-2005
it is not probable that a person will step on it (see
ASME BI5.1).
SECTION 2-1.11: TRUCK FRAME DROP
Means shall be provided to limit the drop of bridge
and trolley truck frames to 1 in. (25 mm) in case of
wheel, axle, or bearing breakage.
SECTION 2-1.12: BRAKES AND BRAKING MEANS
2-1.12.1 Hoist Holding Brakes
(a) Each hoisting unit of the crane shall be equipped
with at least one holding brake. The holding brake shall
be applied to the motor shaft or a gear reducer shaft and
shall have a torque rating not less than the percentage of
rated load hoisting torque at the point where the brake
is applied as follows:
(1) 125% of rated load hoisting torque when used
with a control braking means other than mechanical
(2) 100% of rated load hoisting torque when used
with a mechanical control braking means ..
(3) 100% of rated load hoisting torque for each
brake if two holding brakes are provided
(b) Each hoisting unit of a crane that handles molten
material shall be equipped with one of the following
arrangements:
(1) Two holding brakes shall be provided, one of
which is applied to a gear reducer shaft, plus control
braking means. Each holding brake shall have a torque
rating not less than 100% of rated load hoisting torque
at the point where the brake is applied.
(2) One holding brake shall be provided if the
hoisting unit has a mechanical load brake or a control
braking means that provides controlled lowering of the
load upon loss of power. The holding brake shall have
a torque rating not less than 150% of rated load hoisting
torque at the point where the brake is applied.
(c) Each hoist holding brake shall have thermal capac-
ity for the frequency of operation required by the service.
(d) Hoist holding brakes shall be applied automati-
cally when power to the brake is removed.
(e) Hoist holding brakes shall be provided with means
to adjust for lining wear.
2-1.12.2 Hoist Control Braking Means
(a) Each hoisting unit of the crane shall be equipped
with a control braking means that will control the load
dming lowering to a maximum speed of 120% of rated
lowering speed for the load being handled.
(b) Hoist control braking means can be electrical, such
as regenerative, dynamic, countertorque, or eddy-cm-
rent; mechanical; hydraulic; or a worm-geared hoist
where the angle of the worm is such as to prevent the
load from accelerating in the lowering direction.
ASME 830.2-2005
(c) Hoist control braking means shall have thermal
capacity for the frequency of operation required by the
service.
2-1.12.3 Trolley Brakes and Braking Means
(a) Each power-driven trolley unit of the crane shall
be equipped with either a bralcing means or have trolley
drive frictional characteristics that will provide stopping
and holding functions, under conditions where the rails
are dry and free of snow and ice, as follows:
(1) have torque capability to stop trolley travel
within a distance in feet (meters) equal to 10% of rated
load speed in ft/min (m/min) when traveling with
rated load
(2) have torque capability to impede horizontal
motion of the trolley against a horizontal force equal to
1 % of the combined weight of the trolley, hoist, and
rated load when the trolley is in a parked condition
(b) A power-driven, cab-operated crane with the cab
on the trolley shall be eqUipped with a trolley brake
that will provide the stopping and holding functions
described in paras. 2-1.12.3(a)(1) and (2).
(c) Each trolley brake shall have thermal capacity for
the frequency of operation required .by the service.
2-1.12.4 Bridge
Brakes and Braking Means
(a) A power-,driven bridge shall be equipped with
either a braking means or have bridge drive frictional
characteristics that will provide stopping and holding
functions, under conditions where the rails are dry and
free of snow and ice, as follows:
(1) have torque capability to stop bridge travel
within a distance in feet (meters) equal to 10% of rated
load speed in ft/min (m/min) when traveling with
rated load
(2) have torque capability to impede horizontal
motion of the bridge against a horizontal force equal to
1 % of the combined weight of the bridge, trolley, hoist,
and rated load when the bridge is in a parked condition
(b) A power-driven, cab-operated crane shall be
equipped with a bridge brake that will provide the stop-
ping and holding functions described in paras.
2-1.12.4(a)(1) and (2).
(c) Each bridge brake shall have thermal capacity for
the frequency of operation required by the service.
2-1.12.5 Trolley and Bridge Brake Provisions
General provisions as outlined below apply to, as mer-
ited, trolley and bridge brakes.
(a) Brakes may be applied by mechanical, electrical,
pneumatic, hydraulic, or gravitational means.
(b) Brakes shall be provided with means of adjust-
ment to compensate for lining wear.
(c) Brake pedals, latches, and levers should allow
release without the exertion of greater force than was
used in applying the brake.
12
OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
(d) Foot-operated brakes shall require an applied
force of not more than 70 lb (310 N) to develop rated
brake torque.
(e) Foot-operated brake pedals shall be so constructed
that the operator's foot will not readily slip off the pedal.
if) Foot-operated brake pedals should be so located
that they are convenient to the operator at the controls.
(g) Foot-operated brakes shall be equipped with a
means for positive release when force is released from
the pedal.
(h) When provided, a parking brake shall
(1) be applied automatically or manually
(2) impede horizontal motion of the trolley or
bridge in accordance with the requirements of
para. 2-1.12.3(a)(2) or 2-1.12.4(a)(2)
(3) not prohibit the use of a drift point in the control
circuit
(i) When provided, a service brake shall
(1) be applied manually by the operator during nor-
mal operation
(2) stop trolley or bridge travel in accordance with
the requirements of para. 2-1.12.3(a)(1) or 2-1.12.4(a)(1)
(j) When provided, a drag brake shall provide a con-
tinuous retarding torque without external control.
(k) When provided an emergency brake shall
(1) be applied when initiated by the operator, or
automatically upon loss of power
(2) stop trolley or bridge travel in accordance with
the requirements of para. 2-1.12.3(a)(1) or 2-1.12.4(a)(1)
(3) impede horizontal motion of the trolley or
bridge in accordance with the requirements of para.
2-1.12.3(a)(2) or 2-1.12.4(a)(2)
SECTION 2-1 •. 13:
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
2-1.13.1 General
(a) Wiring and equipment shall comply with
Article 610 of ANSI/NFPA No. 70, National Electrical
Code.
(b) The control circuit voltage shall not exceed 600V
for AC or DC.
(c) The control circuit voltage in pendant push but-
tons shall not exceed 150V for AC or 300V for DC.
(d) Where multiple conductor cable is used with a
suspended push-button station, the station shall be sup-
ported so that the electrical conductors are protected
from strain.
(e) Pendant control stations shall be constructed to
prevent electrical shock. The push-button enclosure shall
be at ground potential and marked for identification of
functions.
2-1.13.2 Equipment
(a) Electrical equipment shall be located or enclosed
so that, under normal operating conditions, energized
parts will not be exposed to inadvertent contact.
o
o
OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
Bridge drive girder
~_______ B_ri~
I+-_ _ _li_ro~
C211Z0 M. Hoist
I+-----~
eJ~
Left-hand cab
ASME B30.2-2005
~H_o_is_t ---/-I
~lIey02J1?)
~dgeW0
Right·hand cab
Center cab
Fig. 6 Recommended Arrangement of Controllers or Master Switches (Three-Motor Crane)
(b) Energized parts of electrical equipment shall be
protected from direct exposure to grease, oil, and mois-
ture, and they should be protected from dirt.
(c) If guards are provided for energized parts, the
guards shall be constructed or located so that they can-
not be deformed, under normal operating conditions,
to make inadvertent contact with energized parts.
2-1.13.3 Controllers
(a) Cranes not equipped with spring-return control-
lers, spring-return master switches, or momentary con-
tact push buttons, shall be provided with a device that
will disconnect all motors from the line in the event of
a power failure. This disconnect device shall not permit
any motor to be restarted until the controller or master
switch handle is brought to the off position, or a reset
switch or power-on button is operated.
(b) For cab- or pulpit-operated cranes, lever-operated
manual controllers and master switches shall be pro-
vided with a spring-return arrangement, off-point
detent, or off-point latch.
(c) For cab- or pulpit-operated cranes, the manual
conb:oller or master switch operating handle shall be
located within reach of the operator.
(d) For cab- or pulpit- operated cranes, the movement
of each operating handle should be in the same general
direction as the resultant movement of the load, except
as shown in Figs. 6 and 7.
(e) For cab- or pulpit-operated cranes, the arrange-
ment of manual controllers or master switches should
conform to Figs. 6 and 7.
if) If a magnet controller is provided, the on (lift)
direction shall be toward the operator and the off (drop)
direction away from the operator.
13
(g) For floor-operated cranes, the controller or con-
trollers, if rope operated, shall automatically return to
the off position when released by the operator.
(h) Push buttons in pendant stations shall return to
the off position when pressure is released by the crane
operator.
(i) Automatic cranes shall be so designed that opera-
tion of all motions shall be discontinued if the automatic
sequence control becomes ineffective. The completion
of the last command is permissible if power is available.
(j) Remote-operated cranes shall function so that if
the control signal for any crane motion becomes ineffec-
tive, that crane motion shall stop, and, conversely, sig-
nals received from any source other than the operating
station (transmitter) shall not result in operation of any
motion of the crane.
(k) The arrangement of pendant push-button stations
and radio-control transmitters should conform to Figs. 8
and 9, respectively. Compass directions may be substi-
tuted for "right-left" and "forward-reverse" in Fig. 8,
and for ~ X, Y, and Z in Fig. 9.
(l) Master switches shall be labeled to indicate their
functions.
2-1.13.4 Resistors
(a) Resistor units shall be supported to minimize
vibration effect.
(b) Provisions shall be made to prevent broken parts
or molten metal from falling on the operator or from
the crane.
(c) If resistor enclosures are provided, the enclosures
shall be installed so that the accumulation of combusti-
ble matter is minimized.
ASME 830.2-2005
Bridge drive girder
Bridge
I-I-----~
H-_______ ~_ro~
eJ r@ M. Hoist
I+-----~
<ZI r@ A. Hoist
I+---~-~
Left-hand cab
OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
A. Hoist
~-.----H
~H_O_is_t _ _---ti
Trolley@JrJ
-+-O+""":"'---+i
~dgee22J~
Right-hand cab
Center cab
Fig. 7 Recommended Arrangement of Controllers or Master Switches (Four-Motor Crane)
2-1.13.5 Switches
(a) The power supply to the runway conductors shall
be controlled by a switch or circuit breaker located on
a fixed structure, accessible from the floor, and arranged
to be locked in the open position.
(b) On cab-operated cranes, a switch or circuit breaker
of the enclosed type with provision for locking in the
open position shall be provided in the leads from the
runway conductors. A means of opening this device
shall be located within the reach of the operator when the
operator is in the operating position. When the operator
opens this switch or circuit breaker, the holding brake(s)
should set.
(c) On floor-, remote-, or pulpit-operated cranes, a
device of the enclosed type shall be provided in the
leads from the runway conductors. This device shall be
mounted on the bridge or footwalk near the runway
collectors. There shall be provisions for locking the
device in the open position unless the crane is the only
load on a lockable switch or circuit breaker that is acces-
sible from the floor. One of the following types of floor-,
remote-, and pulpit-operated disconnects shall be pro-
vided:
(1) nonconductive rope attached to the main dis-
connect device on a floor-operated crane. If this is
selected, the rope shall be suspended adjacent to the
operating ropes if manual controllers are used, or near
the pendant push-button station if magnetic controls
are used.
(2) an under-voltage trip for a main circuit breaker,
operated by an emergency stop button in the pendant
push-button station or the pulpit.
14
(3) a main line contactor operated by a switch or
push button on the pendant push-button station, the
remote control station, or the pulpit.
(d) Power-driven hoists shall be designed and con-
structed so that the load block, either loaded or empty,
shall not exceed the upper limit of travel. On wire-rope
hoists, if a geared or other limit switch or device that
operates in relation to drum turns is used, an additional
limit switch or device that operates independent of drum
rotations shall be provided.
(e) Lower-travel-limit devices should be provided for
power-driven hoists used in applications where the load
block enters pits or hatchways in the floor.
2-1.13.6 Runway Conductors
Conductors of the open type, moUnted on the crane
runway beams or overhead, shall be so located or
guarded that persons cannot inadvertently come into
contact with the energized conductors under normal
operating conditions or under maintenance procedures
as stated in para. 2-2.3.2.
2-1.13_7 Lifting Magnets
(a) A crane for use with a lifting magnet shall have
a separate magnet circuit switch of the enclosed type
with provision for locking in the open (off) position.
The magnet disconnect switch shall be connected on the
line side (power supply side) of the crane disconnect
switch.
(b) Means shall be provided for discharging the induc-
tive load of a lifting magnet.
(c) Indication or signal lights should be provided to
indicate that power to a lifting magnet is on or off. These
()
c)
o
OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
0
:ex
(Indicating Light)
Power On
Power On
0
0
Power Off
Power On
0
0
Up
Up
0
0
Down
Down
Main Hoist
Main Hoist
0
0
Up
Up
0
0
Down
Down
Auxiliary Hoist
Auxiliary Hoist
0
0
Right
Right
0
0
Left
Left
Trolley
Trolley
0
0
Forward
Forward
0
0
Reverse
Reverse
Bridge
Bridge
I I
I
On Power
Off
2
GENERAL NOTE: In each user location, the relative arrangement of
units on crane pendant push-button stations should be standardized.
In the absence of such standardization, suggested arrangements are
shown in arrangements 1 and 2.
Fig. 8 Recommended Arrangement of Controllers
(Pendant Push-Button Station Arrangement)
lights, if used, shall be visible to the crane operator and
to persons on the floor.
(d) For a remote-operated crane, the loss of the remote
signal shall not result in demagnetizing the lifting
magnet.
15
.. ASME B30.2~2005
Main Auxiliary
Bridge Trolley
Hoist
Hoist
f f II
w
z
Up
Up
Four-Motion
Bridge Trolley
Hoist
f f T
w
z
Up
Three-Motion
GENERAL NOTE: Markings on the crane, visible from the floor, shall
indicate the direction of bridge and trolley travel corresponding to
the
W, X, Y, and Z designations on the transmitter. The letters used
are only intended for the purpose of illustration.
Designations should be selected as appropriate to each illustration.
Fig. 9 Recommended Arrangement of Controllers
(Radio Crane Control Transmitter Lever Arrangement)
2-1.13.8 Extension Lamps
If a service receptacle is provided in the cab or on the
bridge, it shall be a grounded-type permanent receptacle
not exceeding 300 V.
SECTION 2-1.14: HOISTING EQUIPMENT
2-1.14.1 Sheaves
(a) Sheave grooves shall be free from surface defects
which could cause rope damage. The cross-sectional
radius at the bottom of the groove should be such as to
form a close-fitting saddle for the size of rope used.
The sides of the groove shall be tapered outward and
rounded at the rim to facilitate entrance of the rope into
the groove. Flange rims shall run true about the axis of
rotation.
(b) Sheaves carrying ropes, which can be momentarily
unloaded, shall be provided with close-fitting guards,
ASME 830.2-2005
or other devices, to guide the rope back into the groove
when the load is reapplied.
(c) The sheaves in the bottom block shall be equipped
with close-fitting guards that will minimize the possibil-
ity of ropes becoming fouled when the block is lying on
the ground with the ropes loose.
(d) All running sheaves shall be equipped with means
for lubrication. Permanently lubricated, sealed, or
shielded bearings shall be acceptable.
2-1.14_2 Drums
Rope drums shall be grooved, except when the crane
is provided by the manufacturer for a special applica-
tion. This requirement does not preclude the use of mul-
tiple layer spooling. The grooves shall be free from
surface defects that could cause rope damage. The cross-
sectional radius at the bottom of the groove should be
such as to form a close-fitting saddle for the size of
rope used.
2-1.14.3 Ropes
(a) The hoisting ropes shall be of a recommended
construction for crane service. The total load (rated load
plus weight of load block) divided by the number of
parts of line shall not exceed 20% of the minimum break-
ing strength of the rope.
(b) Socketing shall be done in a manner recom-
mended by the rope or fitting manufacturer or a quali-
fied person.
(c) Rope shall be secured to the drum as follows:
(1) No less than two wraps of rope shall remain on
the drum at each anchorage of the hoisting drum when
the hook is in its extreme low position unless a lower-
limit device is provided, in which case no less than one
wrap shall remain.
(2) The rope end shall be anchored by a clamp
attached to the drum, or by a socket arrangement speci-
fied by the crane or rope manufacturer. The rope clamps
shall be tightened evenly to the manufacturer's recom-
mended torque.
(d) Eye splices shall be made in recommended man-
ner. Rope thimbles should be used in the eye.
(e) WIre rope clips shall be drop-forged steel of the
single-saddle (U-bolt) or double-saddle type. Malleable
cast iron clips shall not be used. For spacing, number of
clips, and torque values, refer to the clip manufacturer's
recommendation. Wire rope clips attached with V-bolts
shall have the V-bolt over the dead end of the rope
and live rope resting in the clip saddle. Clips shall be
tightened evenly to the recommended torque. After the
initial load is applied to the rope, the clip nuts shall be
retightened to the recommended torque to'compensate
for any decrease in rope diameter caused by the load.
Rope clip nuts should be retightened periodically to
compensate for any further decrease in rope diameter
during usage.
16
OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
if) Swaged or compressed fittings shall be applied as
recommended by the rope, crane, or fitting manufacturer
or qualified person.
(g) Wherever exposed to ambient temperatures at the
rope in excess of 180��F (82��C), rope having an indepen-
dent wire-rope or wire-strand core, or other tempera-
ture-damage-resistant core, shall be used.
(h) Replacement rope shall be the same size, grade,
and construction as the original rope furnished by the
crane manufacturer, unless otherwise recommended by
a rope or crane manufacturer or qualified person due
to actual working condition requirements.
N01E:
minimum breaking strength formerly referred to as
nominal
brealdng strength.
2-1.14.4 Equalizers
If a load is supported by more than one part of rope,
the tension in the parts shall be equalized.
2-1.14.5 Hooks
Hooks shall meet the manufacturer's recommenda-
tions and shall not be overloaded. If hooks are 'of the
swiveling type, they should rotate freely. Latch-
equipped hooks shall be used unless the application
makes the use of the latch impractical or unnecessary.
When required, a latch or mousing shall be provided to
bridge the throat opening of the hook for the purpose
of retaining slings, chains, or other similar parts, under
slack conditions (see ASME
B30.10).
2-1.14.6 Guards for Hoisting Ropes
(a) If it is possible for hoisting ropes to foul or chafe
on adjacent parts of the crane under normal operating
conditions, guards shall be installed to minimize dam-
age to the rope.
(b) A guard shall be provided to prevent contact
between bridge or runway conductors and hoisting
ropes if, under normal operating conditions, they can
come into contact.
SECTION 2-1.15: WARNING DEVICES OR MEANS
FOR A CRANE WITH A POWER-
TRAVELING MECHANISM
2-1.15.1 Cab- and Remote-Operated Cranes,
(a) A warning device shall be provided.
(b) Refer to para. 2-3.1.7(e) for operation of the device.
2-1.15.2 Floor-Operated Cranes
(a) A warning device should be provided for installa-
tions where the ability of the operator to warn persons
in the path of the load is impaired.
(b) Refer to para. 2-3.1.7(e) for operation of the device.
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OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
2-1.15.3 Types of Devices
One or more of the following devices shall be provided
when required:
(a) manually operated gong
(b) power-operated bell, siren, or horn
(c) rotating beacon
(d) strobe light
SECTION 2-1.16: MANUAL
2-1.16.1 General Information
The crane manufacturer shall furnish with each crane
at least one copy of the manual. The manual shall include
general information applicable to the following:
17
(a) installation
(b) operation
(c) inspection
(d) testing
(e) lubrication
if) maintenance
(g) parts
ASME 830.2-2005
(h) wiring diagram (may be supplied separately)
2-1.16.2 Safety Personnel
Personnel responsible for the supervision, installation,
operation, inspection, or maintenance of the crane shall
be familiar with the applicable contents of the manual
furnished with the crane.
ASME B30.2-2005
OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
Chapter 2-2
Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance
SECTION 2-2.1: INSPECTION
2-2.1.1 Inspection Classification
(a) Initial Inspection. New, reinstalled, altered,
repaired, and modified cranes shall be inspected by a
designated person prior to initial use to verify compli-
ance with applicable provisions of this volume. Inspec-
tion of altered, repaired, and modified cranes may be
limited to the provisions affected by the alteration,
repair, or modification, as determined by a qualified
person.
(b) Inspection procedure for cranes in regular service
is divided into two general classifications based upon
the intervals at which inspection should be performed.
The intervals in turn are dependent upon the nature of
the critical components of the crane and the degree of
their exposure to wear, deterioration, or malfunction.
The two general classifications are designated as
frequent
and
periodic, with respective intervals between inspec-
tion defined as follows:
(1) Frequent Inspection. Visual examinations by the
operator or other designated personnel with records not
required, as follows:
(a) normal service - monthly
(b) heavy service - weekly to monthly
(c) severe service - daily to weekly
(2) Periodic Inspection. Visual inspection of the
equipment in place by a designated person making rec-
ords of apparent external conditions to provide the basis
for a continuing evaluation, as follows:
(a) normal service - yearly
(b) heavy service - yearly
(c) severe service - quarterly
2-2.1.2 Frequent Inspection
(a) Frequent inspection shall include observations
during operation.
(b) A designated person shall determine whether con-
ditions found during the inspection constitute a hazard
and whether a more detailed inspection is required.
(c) The following items shall be inspected:
(1) operating mechanisms for proper operation,
proper adjustment, and unusual sounds
(2) upper-limit device(s) in accordance with
para. 2-3.2.4(a)
(3) tanks, valves, pumps, lines, and other parts of
air or hydraulic systems for leakage
18
(4) hooks and hook latches (if used) in accordance
with ASME B30.IO
(5) hoist ropes and end connections in accordance
with para. 2-2.4.I(a)
(6) rope of proper spooling onto the drum(s) and
sheave(s)
2-2.1.3 Periodic Inspection
(a) A designated person shall determine whether con-
ditions found during inspection constitute a hazard and
whether disassembly is required for additional
inspection.
(b) The inspection shall include the items listed in
para. 2-2.I.2(c) and the following items, as applicable:
(1) deformed, cracked, or corroded members
(2) loose or missing bolts, nuts, pins, or rivets
(3) cracked or worn sheaves and drums
(4) worn, cracked, or distorted parts such as pins,
bearings, wheels, shafts, gears, rollers, locking and
clamping devices, bumpers, and stops
(5) excessive wear of brake system parts
(6) excessive wear of drive chain sprockets and
excessive drive chain stretch
(7) deterioration of controllers, master switches,
contacts, limit switches, and push-button stations, but
not limited to these items
(8) wind indicators for proper operation
(9) gasoline, diesel, electric, or other power plants
for proper operation
(10) motion-limit devices that interrupt power or
cause a warning to be activated for proper performance.
Each motion shall be inched or operated at low speed
into the limit device with no load on the crane
(11) rope reeving for compliance with crane manu-
facturer's design
(12) all function, instruction, caution, and warning
labels or plates for legibility and replacement
2-2.1.4 Cranes Not in Regular Service
(a) A crane that is used in infrequent service, which
has been idle for a period of 1 month or more, but less
than 1 year, shall be inspected before being placed in
service in accordance with the requirements listed in
para. 2-2.1.2.
(b) A crane that is used in infrequent service, which
has been idle for a period of 1 year or more, shall be
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OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
inspected before being placed in service in accordance
with the requirements listed in para. 2-2.1.3.
2-2.1.5 Inspection Records
Dated inspection reports of comparable records shall
be made on critical items such as hoisting machinery,
sheaves, hooks, chains, ropes, and other lifting devices
as listed in para. 2-2.1.3. Records shall be placed on file.
SECTION 2-2.2: TESTING
2-2.2.1 Operational Tests
(a) New, reinstalled, altered, repaired, and modified
cranes shall be tested by a designated person prior to
initial use to ensure compliance with this volume.
(b) Tests shall include, as applicable, the following
functions:
(1) lifting and lowering
(2) trolley travel
(3) bridge travel
(4) hoist-limit devices
(a) the trip setting of hoist-limit devices shall be
determined by tests with an empty hook comprising a
series of runs, each at increasing hook speed up to the
maximum speed, unless the hoist has only a single speed
(b) the actuating mechanism of the upper-limit
device shall be located or adjusted so that it will trip
the device in sufficient time to prevent contact of the
load block or load with any part of the trolley or bridge
(5) travel-limiting devices
(6) locking and indicating devices, if provided
(c) Operational testing of altered, repaired, and modi-
fied cranes may be limited to the functions affected by
the alteration, repair, or modification, as determined by
a qualified person.
2-2.2.2 Load Test
(a) New, reinstalled, altered, repaired, and modified
cranes should be load tested prior to initial use, as deter-
mined by a qualified person.
(b) Load testing of altered, repaired, and modified
cranes may be limited to the functions affected by the
alteration, repair, or modification, as determined by a
qualified person.
(c) The replacement of load chain and rope is specifi-
cally excluded from this load test; however, an opera-
tional test of the hoist shall be made in accordance with
para. 2-2.2.1(b) prior to putting the crane back in service.
(d) If a load test is conducted, the load shall be not
less than 100% of the rated load of the crane or hoist(s),
whichever governs; or more than 125% of the rated load
of the crane or hoist(s), whichever governs; unless other-
wise recommended by the manufacturer or a qualified
person.
(e) If a load test is conducted, the person conducting
the load test shall prepare a written report of the load
19
ASME 830.2-2005
sustained during the test and the operations performed
during the test. Reports shall be placed on file.
if) If a load test is conducted, operations shall be
performed as outlined below or as modified by a quali-
fied person.
(1) Hoist the test load a distance to assure that the
load is supported by the crane and held by the hoist
brake(s).
(2) Transport the test load by means of the trolley
for the full length of the bridge.
(3) Transport the test load by means of the bridge
for the full length of the runway in one direction with
the trolley as close to the extreme right-hand end of the
crane as practical, and in the other direction with the
trolley as close to the left-hand end of the crane as prac-
tical.
(4) Lower the test load, and stop and hold the test
load with the brake(s).
SECTION 2-2.3: MAINTENANCE
2-2.3.1 Preventive Maintenance
(a) A preventive maintenance program· should be
established. The program should be based on the recom-
mendations outlined in the crane manufacturer's man-
ual and, when appropriate, additional
recommendations outlined by a qualified person based
upon review of the crane application and operation.
Dated records should be placed on file.
(b) Replacement parts shall be at least equal to the
original manufacturer's specifications.
2-2.3.2 Maintenance Procedure
(a) The following precautions shall be taken before
performing maintenance on a crane:
(1) The crane shall be moved to a location where
it will cause the least interference with other cranes and
operations in the area.
(2) If a load is attached to the crane, it shall be
landed.
(3) All controllers shall be placed in the off position.
(4) A lockout/ tagout procedure shall be performed
(see para. 2-3.5.1).
(5) Warning signs and barriers shall be utilized on
the floor beneath the crane where overhead maintenance
work creates a hazard.
(6) If the runway remains energized, stops or a sig-
nalperson(s), located full-time at a visual vantage point
for observing the approach of an active crane(s), shall
be provided to prohibit contact by the active crane(s)
with the idle crane, with persons performing mainte-
nance, and with equipment used in performing the
maintenance.
(7) A guard or barrier shall be installed between
adjacent runways for the length of any established work
ASME 830.2-2005
area to prevent contact between persons performing
maintenance and a crane on the adjacent runway.
(b) The following precautions shall be taken before
performing maintenance on a crane runway, the runway
support structure, the runway conductor system, or the
areas of the building in the path of travel of the crane
bridge or trolley:
(1) A lockout! tagout procedure shall be performed
(see para. 2-3.5.1).
(2) Warning signs and barriers shall be utilized on
the floor beneath the area where overhead maintenance
work creates a hazard.
(3) If the runway remains energized, stops or a sig-
nalperson(s), located full-time at a visual vantage point
for observing the approach of an active crane(s), shall
be provided to prohibit contact by the active crane(s)
with persons performing maintenance and with equip-
ment used in performing the maintenance.
(4) A guard or barrier shall be installed between
adjacent runways for the length of any established work
area to prevent contact between persons performing
maintenance and a crane on the adjacent runway.
(c) Only designated persons shall work on energized
equipment.
(d) After maintenance work is completed and before
restoring the crane to normal operation
(1) guards shall be reinstalled.
(2) safety devices shall be reactivated.
(3) replaced parts and loose material shall be
removed.
(4) maintenance equipment shall be removed.
2-2.3.3 Adjustments, Repairs, and Replacements
(a) Any condition disclosed by the inspections per-
formed in accordance with the requirements of Section
2-2.1, that is determined to be a hazard to continued
operation, shall be corrected by adjustment, repair, or
replacement before continuing the use of the crane.
(b) Adjustments, repairs, and replacements shall be
performed by designated personnel.
(c) Components shall be adjusted or repaired as
needed. The following are examples:
(1) all operating mechanisms
(2) limit devices
(3) control systems
(4) brakes
(d) Repairs or replacements $hall be made as needed.
The following are examples:
(1) Damaged or worn hooks as described under
Maintenance in ASME
B30.10. Repairs by welding or
reshaping are not recommended.
(2) All critical parts that are cracked, broken, bent,
excessively worn, or missing
(3) Pitted or burned electrical contacts should be
corrected only by replacement and in sets. Controller
20
OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
parts should be lubricated as recommended in the man-
ual supplied with the crane.
(4) Function, instruction, caution, and warning
labels or plates on pendant control stations shall be kept
legible.
(e) If repairs of load-sustaining members are made
by welding, identification of materials shall be made
and appropriate welding procedures shall be followed.
2-2.3.4 Lubrication
(a) All moving parts of the crane for which lubrication
is specified should be regularly lubricated. Lubricating
means should be checked for delivery of lubricant. Care
should be taken to follow recommendations stated in
the crane manufacturer's manual as to points and fre-
quency of lubrication, maintenance of lubricant levels,
and types of lubricant to be used.
(b) Machinery shall be stationary while lubricants are
being applied, and protection provided as called for
in paras. 2-2.3.2(a)(1) through (4), unless equipped for
automatic or remote lubrication.
SECTION· 2-2.4: ROPE INSPECTION,
REPLACEMENT, AND
MAINTENANCE
2-2.4.1 Rope Inspection
(a) Frequent Inspection
(1) All ropes should be visually inspected by the
operator or other designated person at the start of each
shift. These visual observations should be concerned
with discovering gross damage, such as listed below,
that may be a hazard.
(a) distortion of the rope, such as kinking, crush-
ing, unstranding, birdcaging, main strand displacement,
or core protrusion
(b) general corrosion
(c) broken or cut strands
(d) number, distribution, and type of visible bro- (05)
ken wires [see paras. 2-2.4.2(b )(1), (2), and (3) for further
guidance]
(2) When such damage is discovered, the rope shall
either be removed from service or given an inspection,
as detailed in para. 2-2.4.1(b).
(b) Periodic Inspection
(1) The inspection frequency shall be determined
by a qualified person and shall be based on such factors
as expected rope life, as determined by experience on the
particular installation or similar installations; severity of
environment; percentage of capacity lifts; frequency
rates of operation; and exposure to shock loads. Inspec-
tions need not be at equal calendar intervals and should
be more frequent as the rope approaches the end of its
useful life.
(2) Periodic inspections shall be performed by a
designated person. This inspection shall cover the entire
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OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
length of rope. The individual outer wires in the strands
of the rope shall be visible to this person during the
inspection. Any deterioration resulting in appreciable
loss of original strength, such as the following, shall be
noted and determination shall be made as to whether
further use of the rope would constitute a hazard:
(a) points listed in para. 2-2.4.1(a)
(b) reduction of rope diameter below nominal
diameter due to loss of core support, internal or external
corrosion, or wear of outside wires
(c) severely corroded or broken wires at end con-
nections
(d) severely corroded, cracked, bent, worn, or
improperly applied end connections
(3) Special care should be taken when inspecting
sections of rapid deterioration, such as the following:
(a) sections in contact with saddles, equalizer
sheaves, or other sheaves where rope travel is limited
(b) sections of the rope at or near terminal ends
where corroded or broken wires may protrude
(c) sections subject to reverse bends
(d) sections of rope that are normally hidden dur-
ing visual inspection, such as parts passing over sheaves
(c) In order to establish data as a basis of judging the
proper time for replacement, a continuing inspection
record should be maintained. This record should cover
points of deterioration listed.
2-2.4.2 Rope Replacement
(a) No precise rules can be given for determination of
the exact time for rope replacement, since many variable
factors are involved. Once a rope reaches anyone of the
specified removal criteria, it may be allowed to operate
to the end of the work shift, based on the judgment of
a qualified person. The rope shall be replaced after that
work shift, at the end of the day, or at the latest time
prior to the equipment being used by the next work shift.
(05)
(b) Removal criteria for rope replacement shall be as
follows:
(1) in running ropes, twelve randomly distributed
broken wires in one lay or four broken wires in one
strand in one lay, except as noted in para. 2-2.4.2(b)(2)
(2) in rotation-resistant ropes, two randomly dis-
tributed broken wires in six rope diameters or four ran-
domly distributed broken wires in thirty rope diameters
(3) one outer wire broken at the contact point with
the core of the rope, which has worked its way out of
the rope structure and protrudes or loops out from the
rope structure
(4) wear of one-third the original diameter of out-
side individual wires
21
ASME 830.2-2005
(5) kinking, crushing, birdcaging, or any other
damage resulting in distortion of the rope structure
(6) evidence of heat damage from any cause
(7) reductions from nominal diameter greater than
those listed below
Rope Diameter
Up to ~6 in. (8 mm)
Over 546 in. to 1.-'2 in. (13 mm)
Over 1.-'2 in. to % in. (19 mm)
Over % in to 1% in (29 mm)
Over
Ills in. to 11.-'2 in. (38 mm)
Maximum Allowable
Reduction From
Nominal Diameter
1/64 in. (0.4 mm)
%2 in. (0.8 mm)
3/64 in. (1.2 mm)
1~6 in. (1.6 mm)
%2 in. (2.4 mm)
(c) Broken wire removal criteria cited in this volume
apply to wire rope operating on steel sheaves and drums.
The user shall contact the sheave, drum, or crane manu-
facturer, or a qualified person, for broken wire removal
criteria for wire ropes operating on sheaves and drums
made of material other than steel.
(d) Attention shall be given to end connections. Upon
development of two broken wires adjacent to a socketed
end connection, the rope should be resocketed or
replaced. Resocketing shall not be attempted if the
resulting rope length will be insufficient for proper oper-
ation.
(e) Replacement rope and connections shall have a
strength rating at least equal to the rating of the original
rope and connections specified by the hoist manufac-
turer. Any deviation from the original size, grade, or
construction of the rope shall be specified by a rope
manufacturer, the crane or hoist manufacturer, or a qual-
ified person.
2-2.4.3 Rope Maintenance
(a) Rope should be stored to prevent damage or dete-
rioration.
(b) Rope shall be unreeled or uncoiled in a manner
to avoid inducing a twist in or kinking of the rope.
(c) Before cutting rope, means shall be used to prevent
unlaying of the strands.
(d) During installation, care should be observed to
avoid dragging the rope in dirt or around objects that
will scrape, nick, crush, or induce sharp bends.
(e) Rope should be maintained in a well-lubricated
condition. Lubricant applied as part of a maintenance
program shall be compatible with the original lubricant.
Lubricant applied shall be of the type that does not
hinder visual inspection. Those sections of rope that
are located over sheaves or otherwise hidden during
inspection and maintenance procedures require special
attention when the rope is being lubricated. The object
of rope lubrication is to reduce internal friction and to
prevent corrosion.
ASME 830.2·2005
OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
Chapter 2-3
Operation
SECTION 2-3.1: QUALIFICATIONS FOR AND
CONDUCT OF OPERATORS
2-3.1.1 Operators of Cab-Operated and
Pulpit-Operated Cranes
(a) Cranes shall be operated only by the following
qualified personnel:
(1) designated persons
(2) trainees under the direct supervision of a desig-
nated person
(3) maintenance and test personnel, when it is nec-
essary in the performance of their duties
(b) No one other than personnel specified in
para. 2-3.1.1(a) shall enter a crane cab or pulpit,. with
the exception of persons such as oilers and supervisors,
whose duties require them to do so, and then only in
the performance. of their duties and with the knowledge
of the operator or other appointed person.
2-3.1.2 Qualifications for Operators of Cab-Operated
and Pulpit-Operated Cranes
(a) Operators shall be required by the employer to
pass a written or oral examination and a practical
operating examination unless able to furnish satisfactory
evidence of qualifications and experience. Qualifications
shall be limited to the specific type of equipment for
which the operator is being examined.
(b) Operators and operator trainees shall meet the
follOwing physical qualifications:
(1) have vision of at least 20/30 Snellen in one eye,
and 20/50 Snellen in the other, with or without correc-
tive lenses.
(2) be able to distinguish colors, regardless of posi-
tion of colors, if color differentiation is required for oper-
ation.
(3) be able to hear, with or without hearing aid,
adequately for a specific operation.
(4) have: sufficient strength, endurance, agility,
coordination, and speed of reaction to meet the demands
of equipment operation.
(5) not have evidence of physical defects, or emo-
tional instability that could render a hazard to the opera-
tor or others, or which, in the opinion of the examiner,
could interfere with the operator's performance. Evi-
dence of such conditions may be cause for disqualifica-
tion. In such cases, specialized clinical or medical
judgments and tests may be required.
22
(6) not have evidence of being subject to seizures
or loss of physical control. Evidence of such conditions
shall be reason for disqualification. Specialized medical
tests may be required to determine these conditions.
(c) Operators and operator trainees should have nor-
mal depth perception, field of vision, reaction time, man-
ual dexterity, coordination, and no tendencies to
dizziness or similar undesirable conditions.
2-3.1.3 Operators of Floor-Operated Cranes
Cranes shall be operated only by the following quali-
fied personnel:
(a) designated persons
(b) trainees under the direct supervision of a desig-
nated person
(c) maintenance and test personnel, when it is neces-
sary in the performance of their duties
(d) inspectors (crane)
2-3.1.4 Qualifications for Operators of Floor-
Operated Cranes
Personnel shall be required by the employer to pass
a practical operating examination. Qualifications shall
be limited to the specific type of equipment for which
the operator is being examined.
2-3.1.5 Operators of Remote-Operated Cranes
Cranes shall be operated only by the following quali-
fied personnel:
(a) designated persons
(b) trainees under the direct supervision of a desig-
nated person
(c) maintenance and test personnel, when it is neces-
sary in the performance of their duties
(d) inspectors (crane)
2-3.1.6 Qualifications for Operators of Remote-
Operated Cranes
The use of remote-control equipment involves such a
wide variety of service requirements and conditions that
each installation should be carefully analyzed and oper-
ation reviewed at least monthly for the first 6 months
of operation to determine whether para. 2-3.1.2 or 2-3.1.4
should apply.
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OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
2-3.1.7 Conduct of Operators
(a) The operator shall not engage in any practice that
will divert attention while actually engaged in operating
the crane.
(b) When physically or otherwise unfit, an operator
shall not engage in the operation of the equipment.
(c) The operator shall
(1) be familiar with and understand hand signals
(see Fig. 10)
(2) respond to signals from the person who is
directing the lift or an appointed signalperson
(3) be responsible for the lifts when a signalperson
or crane follower is not required as part of the crane
operation
(4) open the magnet switch upon request from the
person on the ground, who shall wait for a signal from
the operator that the magnet is deenergized
(5) obey a stop signal at all times, no matter who
gives it
(d) Each operator shall be responsible for those opera-
tions under the operator's direct control. Whenever there
is doubt as to safety, the operator shall consult with the
supervisor before handling the loads.
(e) The operator shall activate the warning device on
cab- and remote-operated cranes and, when provided,
on floor-operated cranes
(1) before starting the bridge or trolley motion of
the crane
(2) intermittently during travel of the crane when
approaching persons in the path of the load
if) Before leaving a cab-operated crane unattended,
the operator shall land any attached load, place control-
lers in the off position, and deenergize tlle main switch
(crane disconnect) of the specific crane. If all cranes on
the runway are to be unattended for a period longer
than one shift, the runway disconnect switch shall also
be deenergized.
(g) The operator shall not close the main switch (crane
disconnect) until certain that no worker is on or adjacent
to tlle crane. If there is a warning sign or lock on the
device, it shall not be energized until the sign or lock
is removed by the person who placed it there, or by an
authorized person.
(11) Before closing the main switch (crane disconnect),
the operator shall be sure that all controllers are in the
off position.
(i) If power goes off during operation, the operator
shall immediately place all controllers in tlle off position.
Prior to reuse of the crane, operating motions shall be
checked for proper direction.
(j) The operator shall be familiar witll the equipment
and its proper care. If adjustments or repairs are neces-
sary, or any defects are known, the operator shall report
tlle same promptly to tlle appointed person who shall
be responsible for the operation and maintenance repairs
23
ASME B30.2-2005 .
of the crane. The operator shall also notify tlle next
operator of any remaining uncorrected defects upon
changing shifts.
(k) Contacts with runway stops or otller cranes shall
be made Witll extreme caution. The operator shall do
so witll particular care for tlle safety of persons on or
below tlle crane, and only after making certain tllat
any persons on the otller cranes are aware of what is
being done.
(l) Operators of outdoor cranes shall secure them
when leaving.
(m) When tlle wind-indicating device of a cab-oper-
ated outdoor crane gives tlle alarm, crane operation shall
be discontinued and the crane shall be prepared and
stored for excessive wind conditions.
(n) Before the operator performs any maintenance
work on the crane, tlle operator shall lock and tag the
main switch (crane disconnect) (see para. 2-2.3.2) in the
deenergized position. If the crane is equipped with a
lifting magnet and the magnet is not deenergized when
the main switch (crane disconnect) is in tlle deenergized
position, the operator shall also lock and tag the magnet
disconnect switch in the de energized position.
(0) All controls shall be tested by tlle operator before
beginning a new shift. If any controls do not operate
properly, they should be adjusted or repaired before
operations are begun.
(p) Persons boarding or leaving overhead cranes
should do so only at authorized locations and desig-
nated boarding entrances.
(q) If the crane has more than one hoisting unit, the
operator shall only lift loads, with two or more hoisting
units, that are within the rated load of the crane.
SECTION 2-3.2: HANDLING THE LOAD
2-3.2.1 Load Weight
(a) The crane shall not be loaded in excess of its rated
load except for test purposes, as provided in
para. 2-2.2.2, or for planned engineered lifts, as provided
in para. 2-3.2.1.1.
(b) The combined load applied to more than one
hoisting unit shall not exceed tlle rated load of the crane
when the crane has more than one hoisting unit.
2-3.2.1.1 Planned Engineered Lifts. Lifts in excess of
the rated load may be required from time to time on a
limited basis for specific purposes such as new construc-
tion or major repairs. Every planned engineered lift
exceeding the rated load shall be treated as a special
and separate event.
Limitations and planned requirements shall be appli-
cable, as follows:
(a) Planned engineered lifts shall be limited to pow-
ered cranes having a load rating of 5 tons and above.
ASME 830.2-2005
t
HOIST. With forearm vertical,
forefinger pointing up, move hand
in small horizontal circle.
TROLLEY TRAVEL.
Palm up, fingers closed, thumb
pointing in direction of motion,
jerk hand horizontally.
1
MULTIPLE TROLLEYS.,
Hold up one finger for block
marked "1" and two fingers for
block marked "2". Regular signals
follow.
LOWER. With arm extended
downward, forefinger pointing
down, move hand in small
horizontal circle.
STOP. Arm extended, palm
down, move arm back and forth
horizontally.
MOVE SLOWLY. Use one
hand to give any motion signal and
place other hand motionless in
front of hand giving the motion
signal.
(Hoist slowly shown as
example.)
OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
BRIDGE TRAVEL. Arm
extended forward, hand open and
slightly raised, make pushing
motion in direction oftravel.
EMERGENCY STOP. Both
arms extended, palms down, move
arms back and forth horizontally.
~ .. "
-;::/
1,'
~'~
r r I==~
" "
" MAGNET IS
DISCONNECTED. Crane
operator spreads both hands apart -
palms up.
Fig. 10 Standard Hand Signals for Controlling Overhead and Gantry Cranes
24
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OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
(b) When planned engineered lifts are made, the load
shall not exceed 125% of the crane load rating, except
as provided in para. 2-3.2.1.1(d).
(c) Planned engineered lifts shall be limited to two
occurrences on any crane within any continuous
12 month period, except as provided in para. 2-3.2.1.1(d).
If greater lift frequency is desired, consideration shall
be given to rerating or replacing the crane.
(d) The crane manufacturer shall be consulted if the
planned engineered lift exceeds 125% of rated load or
if the frequency of planned engineered lifts exceeds two
during a continuous 12-month period.
(e) Each planned engineered lift shall comply with
the following requirements:
(1) a written review of the crane service history
shall be prepared, including reference to previous
planned engineered lifts, structural repairs, and modifi-
cations of original design
(2) the design of the structural, mechanical, electri-
cal, pneumatic, and hydraulic components of the crane
shall be reviewed, by means of applicable calculations
for the load to be lifted, and approved by the crane
manufacturer or a qualified person, in accordance with
accepted crane design standards if the load to be lifted
exceeds 125% of rated load, or if the frequency of
planned engineered lifts exceeds two during a continu-
ous 12-month period
(3) the design of the crane-supporting structure
shall be reviewed and approved by a qualified person
for conformance to applicable design criteria. The crane
support shall be inspected and any deterioration or
damage shall be taken into consideration in design cal-
culations for the load to be lifted.
(4) The crane shall be inspected in accordance with
para. 2-2.1.3 just prior to making the lift.
(5) The lift shall be made under controlled condi-
tions under the direction of a designated person in accor-
dance with a previously prepared lift plan. All persons
in the area of the crane shall be alerted that the lift is
being made.
(6) The operator shall test the crane at the planned
engineered load by lifting the load a short distance and
setting the brakes. The lift shall only be continued if the
brakes stop and hold the load. Any failure to hold the
load shall be corrected before proceeding with the lift.
(7) The crane shall be inspected in accordance with
para. 2-2.1.3 after the lift is completed and prior to being
used for the lifting of any other load.
(8) A record of the planned engineered lift, includ-
ing calculations, inspections, and all distances moved,
shall be placed on file for availability to appointed per-
sonnel.
if) The rated load test specified in para. 2-2.2.2 is not
applicable to planned engineered lift provisions.
25
ASME 830.2-2005
2-3.2.2 Attaching the Load
(a) The hoist rope shall be free from kinks or twists
and shall not be wrapped around the load.
(b) The load shall be attached to the load block hook
by means of slings or other devices.
(c) Care shall be taken to make certain that the sling
clears all obstacles.
2-3.2.3 Moving the Load
(a) The appointed person directing the lift shall ascer-
tain that
(1) the load, sling, or lifting device is seated in the
bowl of the hook
(2) the load is secured, balanced, and positioned in
the hook, sling, or lifting device before the load is lifted
more than a few inches (millimeters)
(3) the hoist rope is not kinked
(4) multiple part lines are not twisted around
each other
(5) the hook is brought over the load in such a
manner as to minimize swinging
(6) the rope is seated in the drum grooves and in
the sheaves, if there is or has been a slack rope condition
(b) During lifting, care shall be taken that
(1) there is no sudden acceleration or deceleration
of the moving load
(2) the load does not contact any obstructions
(c) Cranes shall not be used for side pulls, except
when specifically authorized by a qualified person who
has determined that
(1) the various parts of the crane will not be overs-
tressed
(2) the hoist rope will not bear or rub against other
members of the crane, such as the girders or trolley
frame, except members specifically designed for such
contact
(3) such side pulls will not cause the hoist rope to
be pulled out of the sheaves or across drum grooves
(4) such side pulls will not result in excessive
swinging of the load block or load
(d) The operator shall not cause the crane to lift,lower,
or travel while anyone is on the load or hook.
(e) The operator should avoid carrying loads over
people.
if) The operator of a floor-operated crane having a
lifting magnet should exercise caution due to the hazard
of possible falling metal.
(g) The operator shall check the hoist brake(s) at least
once each shift if a load approaching the rated load is
to be handled. This shall be done by lifting the load a
short distance and applying the brake(s).
(ll) The load shall not be lowered below the point
where two wraps of rope remain on each anchorage of
the hoisting drum unless a lower-limit device is pro-
vided, in which case, no less than one wrap shall remain.
ASME 830.2-2005
(i) When two or more cranes are used to lift a load,
one qualified person shall be in charge of the operation.
This person shall analyze the operation and instruct
other personnel involved in the proper positioning, rig-
ging of the load, and the movements to be made.
(j) The operator shall not leave the position at the
controls while the load is suspended over an area accessi-
ble to people.
2-3.2.4
Hoist-Limit Devices (Switches)
(a) Prior to the initial use of any hoist during each
shift, the operator shall verify operation of the upper-
limit device under no-load conditions. If more than one
upper-limit device is present, only the operation of the
primary upper-limit device need be verified. Care shall
be exercised; the block shall be inched into the limit or
run in at slow speed. If the device does not operate
properly, the operator shall immediately notify the
appointed person.
(b) The hoist-limit device that controls the upper limit
of travel
bf the load block shall not be used as an
operating control in nottnal operation unless additional
means are provided to prevent damage from overtravel.
SECTION 2-3.3:
SIGNALS
2-3.3.1
Standard Signals
(a) Signals to the operator shall be in accordance with
this volume, unless voice communication (telephone,
radio, or equivalent) is utilized.
(b) Signals should be discernible or audible to the
operator.
(c) Hand signals shall be posted conspicuously and
should be as illustrated in Fig. 10.
2-3.3.2
Special Signals
(a) Special operations may require additions to or
modifications of standard signals.
(b) Special signals shall be agreed upon and under-
stood by the signalperson and the operator.
26
OVERHEAD AND GANTRY CRANES
(c) Special signals shall not conflict with standard
signals.
SECTION 2-3.4:
MISCELLANEOUS
2-3.4.1
Ladders
(a) Hands shall be free from encumbrances while per-
sonnel are using ladders.
(b) Articles that are too large to be carried in pockets
or tool belts shall be lifted and lowered by hand line.
2-3.4.2
Cabs
(a) Necessary clothing and personal belongings shall
be stored in a manner that does not interfere with access
or operation.
(b) Tools, oil cans, rags, and other necessary articles
shall be stored in a fire-resistant container and shall not
be permitted to lie loose in or around the cab.
2-3.4.3
Fire Extinguishers
Operators shall be familiar with the location, opera-
tion, and care of fire extinguishers provided (see
para. 2-1.5.5).
SECTION 2-3.5:
CRANE LOCKOUT/TAGOUT
(a) A
lockoutltagout policy and procedure shall be
developed, documented, and implemented by the
owner or user of overhead cranes.
(b) The
lockoutltagout policy and procedure shall
comply with the requirements of ANSI Z244.1.
(c) The policy shall give consideration to the follow-
ing areas:
(1) single-crane runways
(2) multiple-crane runways
(3) cranes on an adjacent runway
(4) runway disconnecting means
(5) crane disconnecting means
(6) work to be done on a crane
(7) work to be done other than on a crane but within
the path of a crane where its movement creates a hazard
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ASME 830.2-2005 INTERPRETATIONS
Replies to Tecnical Inquiries
January 2003 Through May 2004
FOREWORD
This publication includes all of the written replies issued between the indicated dates by the
Secretary, speaking for the ASME B30 Committee, Safety Standards for Cableways, Cranes,
Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks, and Slings, to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical
aspects of B30.2, Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top Running Bridge, Single or Multiple Girder,
Top Running Trolley Hoist).
These replies are taken verbatim from the original letters except for a few typographical
corrections and some minor editorial corrections made for the purpose of improved clarity. In
some few instances, a review of the interpretation revealed a need for corrections of a technical
nature; in these cases, a corrected interpretation follows immediately after the original reply.
These interpretations were prepared in accordance with the accredited ASME procedures.
ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of these interpretations when or if additional
information is available which the inquirer believes might affect the interpretation. Further,
persons aggrieved by this interpretation may appeal to the cognizant ASME Committee or
Subcommittee. ASME does not "approve," "certify," "rate," or "endorse" any item, construction,
proprietary device, or activity.
1-1
ASME 830.2-2005
Interpretation: 2·50
Subject: ASME
B30.2-1990, Para. 2-1.12.2(c)
Date Issued: January 16, 2003
Question (1): What is the definition of the term "automatically" as it applies to the following:
(c) "Hoist holding brakes shall be applied automatically when power to the brake is removed"?
Reply (1): In the paragraph referenced, "automatically" is defined by the standard dictionary
definition of the word" automatic". As an example: "capable of operating with little or no external
control or influence," "a machine or apparatus that operates automatically," or "having a self-
acting or self-regulating mechanism."
In this paragraph, "automatically" applies to the application of the brake and is intended to
mean that, upon loss of power, the brake shall set by itself, without requiring external intervention.
Question (2): Does the term "automatically" imply "immediately"?
Reply (2): No.
Question (3): Please provide any guidelines or recommendations for stopping distance on hoist
braking systems upon loss of power.
Reply (3): ASME
B30.2 does not list or address stopping distances for hoist brakes. Therefore,
the
B30 Committee cannot offer interpretations or recommendations for material that does not
appear in this volume.
Stopping distance is determined by the overall design of the hoisting machine as determined
by the hoist manufacturer. We recommend you contact the manufacturer of the hoist regarding
this subject.
Interpretation: 2·51
Subject: ASME
B30.2-1990, Paras. 2-2. 1.1 (b) (2) and 2-2.1.3(b)(2)
Date Issued: January 15, 2004
Question (1): Does Section 2-2.1.1(b)(2) apply to the crane and runway?
Reply (1): Yes.
Question (2): Is the runway inspection intended to include the support structure to the ground?
Reply (2): Yes.
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2-50, 2-51
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2-52
Interpretation: 2-52
Subject: B30.2-2001, Para. 2-3.2.1.1, Planned Engineered Lifts
Date Issued: May 26, 2004
ASME 830.2-2005
Question: In order to perform maintenance on a piece of equipment that is in excess of the
rated capacity of our overhead crane, the following process will be used:
1) Load will be lifted to test brakes.
2) Load is set down to adjust sling balance.
3) Load is lifted and moved to an inspection stand.
4) Load is lifted and moved to vehicle for transport to maintenance shop.
5) Upon return from maintenance shop (approx. 1 week) load is lifted to test brakes.
6) Load is set down to adjust slings.
7) Load is lifted and moved to inspection stand.
8) Load is lifted and moved back into place.
Under the provisions of Section 2-3.2.1.1, does the above process constitute one (1) Planned
Engineered Lift, two (2) Planned Engineered Lifts, four (4) Planned Engineered Lifts, or six (6)
Planned Engineered Lifts?
Reply: The process you have described would constitute four (4) or six (6) lifts in excess of
the crane's rated capacity, depending on the details of your process. All of the provisions of para.
2-3.2.1.1 must be followed for a lift to be considered a "planned engineered lift" and this section
limits this type of lift to two (2) in any 12 month period without consulting the crane manufacturer.
1-3
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ISBN D-7918-2985-5
9 780791 829851
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J08905
